The proposed Constitution comes during a period of emergency rule, also approved by Parliament, in the wake of the failed coup attempt in July against Mr. Erdogan. Since then, he has ordered the dismissal of 100,000 state employees and the jailing of more than 40,000 others suspected of supporting the coup. He has also cracked down on the independent news media, jailing about 140 journalists in the past year, with at least 81 still in prison last month, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, more than in any other country.
Critics say the new Constitution will give Mr. Erdogan even greater powers than he already has, enabling him to invoke much more sweeping emergency rule measures.
Mr. Erdogan and his supporters say the changes would streamline decision-making and end a system that divides power between a prime minister and a president. The current prime minister, Binali Yildirim, is an Erdogan supporter who favors the proposed changes.
“Our relationship with the president is good,” Mr. Yildirim said in a television interview this week. “But tomorrow if there are two names with strong egos, this double-headed situation could cause problems. The country would be unmanageable.”
Mr. Erdogan was prime minister from 2003 to 2014, the year he became president, taking over a post that had been largely ceremonial. His control over the A.K.P., however, enabled him to curtail the prime minister’s power, and he forced the dismissal of Mr. Yildirim’s predecessor, Ahmet Davutoglu.
Credit
Turkish President Press Office, via European Pressphoto Agency
The new Constitution would also allow a president to be the official head of his party, something not now permitted, but it would also limit the president to two terms. “This has nothing to do with dictatorship, authoritarianism,” the president’s spokesman, Ibrahim Kalin, said in a speech last week. He said the changes would maintain separation of powers and democratic checks on the president: “Those two fundamental elements are protected.”
Opponents say the new Constitution would allow the president to appoint Supreme Court judges and take control of the budget away from Parliament. “It nullifies the unchangeable principles of the Constitution, the principles of being a secular, democratic republic with rule of law,” said an opposition lawmaker, Ali Seker. “This package is designing a regime according to the mood of one person. This is called dictatorship.”
Critics in Parliament say the jailing of at least 11 H.D.P. legislators, and the A.K.P.’s insistence on late-night, marathon sessions, has rushed through the new Constitution without time for the country to thoroughly consider its provisions. Even with the missing H.D.P. members, Mr. Erdogan’s party did not have a majority to carry the vote, turning instead to the M.H.P. rightists.
The M.H.P. had previously campaigned for restoration of the death penalty, which has been dropped as part of Turkey’s accession talks with the European Union. The rightists would like to use capital punishment against Abdullah Ocalan, the imprisoned leader of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or P.K.K. In the current debate, though, it has not raised that demand, and there has been speculation that it will get a cabinet post as a reward for its support.
Passions have been high throughout the sessions in Parliament, with fistfights a regular feature. The government’s own parliamentary television channel did not broadcast the sessions live, despite the importance of the debates, but many of the members posted video feeds of the melees on social media.
In the session on Thursday, the violence broke out largely among female lawmakers. It began when an opposition member, Aylin Nazliaka, handcuffed herself to the microphone on the lectern as a protest. A.K.P. lawmakers then swarmed around her to remove the handcuffs, and in the ensuing struggle a crowd of women could be seen on video punching, kicking and pulling one another’s hair.
During the altercation, Ms. Pavey’s prosthetic arm was dislodged, she fell and was later hospitalized. Ms. Nazliaka was separated from the microphone, and said her hand was injured in the process.
“They attacked all of us, blinded by anger,” Ms. Pavey said afterward. “This assault shows a sample of what they will do to us after the constitutional amendment package passes.”
The debate on the Constitution comes at a time of high tension in Turkey. Amid the crackdowns on Kurdish politicians, who represent a sixth of the population, and on followers of the exiled Muslim cleric Fethullah Gulen, whom the government accuses of staging the attempted coup, there has been a series of high-profile terrorist attacks, including one on a nightclub on New Year’s Day, killing 39 people. In addition, Turkey is coping with millions of mostly Syrian refugees, under an agreement with the European Union to prevent them from continuing to flood into Europe, in exchange for billions of euros in European Union aid.
The crackdown on political opponents and the news media has led to criticism from the European Union and has greatly set back Turkey’s hopes to join the bloc. Mr. Erdogan has reacted to that criticism bitterly, threatening to break with the bloc and even restore the death penalty.
Voting on the new Constitution was expected to begin Friday afternoon and conclude later Friday or on Saturday, although there was little doubt the measures would pass. Turkish voters would then have to approve the document in an April referendum, which is expected to be deeply divisive.
