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Merger and acquisition activity in the Middle East and North Africa region experienced a significant uptick in 2024, with total deal value reaching $92.3 billion, a 7% increase from the previous year. The number of deals also rose by 3%, totaling 701 transactions compared to 679 in 2023. This growth has been largely attributed to substantial reforms in capital markets, strategic policy changes, and enhanced efforts to attract foreign investments.

The Gulf Cooperation Council countries were at the forefront of this surge, accounting for 580 deals worth $90 billion. Cross-border transactions played a pivotal role, representing 52% of the total deal volume and 74% of the overall value. Sovereign wealth funds such as the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority , Mubadala Investment Company from the United Arab Emirates , and the Public Investment Fund from Saudi Arabia were instrumental in driving this activity.

The UAE emerged as a key player, recording the region’s largest M&A deal of the year. Clayton Dubilier & Rice, Stone Point Capital, and Mubadala Investment announced the acquisition of Truist Insurance for $12.4 billion. Following closely, Saudi Aramco acquired a 22.5% stake in Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Company from Japan’s Sumitomo Chemical for $8.9 billion. Additionally, a consortium comprising PAG, Mubadala, and ADIA acquired a 60% stake in China’s Zhuhai Wanda Commercial Management Group for $8.3 billion.

Outbound deals dominated the M&A landscape, contributing 61% of the total deal value with 199 transactions amounting to $56.6 billion. The MENA region continued to attract foreign direct investment, with 163 inbound deals valued at $11.4 billion, marking an 18% increase in volume and a 42% surge in value compared to 2023.

Sector-wise, technology and consumer products led in deal volume, each experiencing a 10% year-on-year increase. The United States stood out as the largest acquiring country outside the region, with 48 transactions totaling $4.6 billion.

The UAE maintained its position as a preferred investment destination, achieving the highest volume and value for inbound transactions. The country recorded 96 deals valued at $7.6 billion, representing 67% of the total deal value. The technology sector was particularly vibrant, with 35 deals driven by the nation’s focus on artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and digital transformation. Notably, Microsoft’s $1.5 billion acquisition of Abu Dhabi’s Group 42 underscored the strengthening ties between the UAE and the United States.

Saudi Arabia also attracted significant investment, with the UAE and Saudi Arabia collectively reporting 318 deals valued at $29.6 billion. Both countries were among the top bidders in the MENA region, highlighting their active participation in the M&A landscape. In 2024, the United States was the favored target destination for MENA investors, with 41 deals amounting to $19.9 billion.

Domestic M&A activity saw an uptick, contributing 48% of the total deal volume with 339 deals, up from 333 in 2023. The combined disclosed value of domestic transactions stood at $24.4 billion. The technology and consumer products sectors attracted increased investor interest, fueled by digital transformation and evolving consumer behaviors, together accounting for 35% of the total domestic deal volume.

The oil and gas sector continued its upward trajectory, leading in disclosed deal value with $9 billion, representing 37% of the total domestic deal value. This was largely due to Saudi Aramco’s $8.9 billion acquisition of Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Company.

Bitcoin, the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market value, experienced a significant decline on Friday, falling over 5% to a three-and-a-half-month low. The digital asset traded below $80,000 for the first time since November 11, reaching $79,666.

This downturn has erased approximately a quarter of Bitcoin’s market value since mid-December, when it peaked at $105,000. The recent decline is attributed to uncertainties surrounding U.S. President Donald Trump’s impending tariff plans and crypto policy, as well as diminished investor confidence following a substantial $1.5 billion hack involving rival cryptocurrency Ether.

President Trump confirmed that a 25% tariff on Mexican and Canadian goods, along with an additional 10% on Chinese imports, will commence on March 4. This announcement has led to a sell-off in risk-sensitive assets, including cryptocurrencies. The broader tech sector has also been affected, with major indices like the Dow Jones, S&P 500, and Nasdaq experiencing considerable losses.

The recent $1.5 billion hack of Ether from the Bybit exchange has further exacerbated negative sentiment in the crypto market. This incident has raised concerns about the security of digital assets, leading to increased withdrawals from Bitcoin-backed exchange-traded funds.

Market analysts suggest that if key support levels, such as $82,000, do not hold, Bitcoin might face further losses. The decline is also influenced by a broader risk-off environment, significant outflows from spot Bitcoin ETFs, and macroeconomic uncertainties.

Saudi Arabia has rapidly become a pivotal player in the Gulf Cooperation Council’s private equity sector, driven by strategic reforms and its ambitious Vision 2030 agenda. Over the past five years, the Kingdom’s private equity investments have experienced remarkable growth, escalating from $523 million in 2019 to $4 billion in 2023, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 66%. This surge underscores Saudi Arabia’s commitment to creating an investor-friendly environment that appeals to both domestic and international stakeholders.

A significant factor contributing to this expansion is the dominance of buyout transactions, which have consistently constituted approximately 80% of the total private equity capital deployed in the country. This trend indicates a robust market for mergers and acquisitions, aligning with the nation’s objectives to diversify its economy and reduce reliance on oil revenues. Additionally, growth equity investments are gaining momentum, supporting mid-sized companies poised for expansion and further stimulating economic diversification.

The Kingdom’s strategic initiatives, particularly the Shareek Program launched in 2021, play a crucial role in this transformation. Designed to bolster large Saudi enterprises, Shareek aims to accelerate private sector investments, fostering economic development and enhancing the global competitiveness of Saudi businesses. By facilitating partnerships between the public and private sectors, the program seeks to unlock new investment opportunities and drive sustainable growth.

Sector-wise, technology and infrastructure have emerged as focal points for private equity investments. The government’s emphasis on digital transformation and smart city projects has attracted substantial capital, leading to advancements in these areas. For instance, the development of NEOM, a futuristic city envisioned under Vision 2030, exemplifies the type of large-scale infrastructure projects drawing investor interest. Such initiatives not only modernize the nation’s landscape but also create a plethora of opportunities for private equity firms seeking to capitalize on the burgeoning demand for innovative solutions.

In tandem with these developments, Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund has been instrumental in anchoring foreign investments within the Kingdom. By collaborating with international asset managers and financial institutions, PIF aims to attract $100 billion in annual foreign direct investments by 2030. Notable partnerships include a $2 billion Middle East infrastructure fund with Canadian asset manager Brookfield and agreements with Japanese financial entities, reflecting the Kingdom’s strategic approach to integrating global expertise and capital into its economic framework.

However, the rapid evolution of the private equity landscape is not without challenges. Proposed changes by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions could introduce complexities in the Islamic debt market, potentially affecting transaction structures and investor appeal. The new rules mandate issuers of Islamic bonds to transfer legal ownership of underlying assets to investors, aiming for closer adherence to Islamic principles of risk-sharing. While intended to enhance compliance, these changes may increase transaction costs and deter investment if not managed adeptly.

Liquidity concerns persist, particularly in sectors with less mature market infrastructures. The developing nature of the private equity and venture capital ecosystems necessitates continuous efforts to deepen capital markets and enhance investor confidence. Initiatives to address these issues include the maturation of Saudi Arabia’s stock market, which is progressively offering more exit avenues for private equity investments, thereby improving liquidity and attracting further capital inflows.

The Kingdom’s proactive stance in privatizing state-owned assets across various sectors, such as energy, infrastructure, healthcare, education, tourism, and entertainment, has unlocked vast opportunities for both local and international investors. With investments now exceeding $50 billion, these privatization efforts signify a pivotal shift in Saudi Arabia’s economic landscape, promoting private sector involvement and fostering a more dynamic investment climate.

In the realm of sports and entertainment, Saudi Arabia has made significant strides, exemplified by its $1 billion investment in DAZN, a sports streaming service owned by billionaire Sir Leonard Blavatnik. This strategic move not only amplifies the Kingdom’s presence in the global sports industry but also aligns with its broader objectives to diversify the economy and enhance its international image. The collaboration aims to broadcast Saudi sports and events to over 200 markets, showcasing the nation’s commitment to expanding its cultural and entertainment footprint worldwide.

India is poised to enhance its naval capabilities through a significant acquisition of 26 Rafale Marine jets from France. The French government has submitted its final price proposal to New Delhi, marking a pivotal step in the procurement process. This development coincides with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval’s scheduled visit to Paris, where the deal is expected to feature prominently in strategic discussions.

The Rafale Marine jets are intended for deployment on the INS Vikrant, India’s indigenous aircraft carrier, as well as at various naval bases. The inclusion of these advanced fighters is anticipated to significantly bolster the Indian Navy’s maritime strike capabilities. Defence sources indicate that the French side has offered a substantial price reduction following rigorous negotiations, underscoring the deepening defence collaboration between the two nations.

A French delegation recently visited New Delhi to finalise the terms of the agreement. The deal’s progression is expected to be a focal point during the India-France Strategic Dialogue, where NSA Doval will engage with his French counterparts. This dialogue aims to further solidify bilateral ties and address mutual security concerns.

India has approved specific modifications in the letter of request for the Rafale Marine jets, including the integration of the indigenous Uttam radar system. While this integration is projected to take approximately eight years and entails additional costs, it represents a significant step towards self-reliance in defence technology. Furthermore, India has requested the incorporation of homegrown weaponry, such as the Astra beyond-visual-range missiles and Rudram anti-radiation missiles, into the aircraft’s arsenal.

The pricing structure of the deal is informed by previous agreements, notably the procurement of 36 Rafale fighter jets for the Indian Air Force. Considerations include factors like inflation rates and the inclusion of specific requirements from the Indian Air Force, such as the provision of approximately 40 drop tanks and a limited number of workstations for the aircraft.

In addition to the Rafale Marine jets, India and France are finalising a deal for three additional Scorpene-class submarines. These submarines are slated to be constructed with French collaboration, further enhancing India’s underwater warfare capabilities. Both deals, collectively valued at nearly Rs 1 lakh crore, are anticipated to be concluded by the end of the current fiscal year, reflecting the robust and growing defence partnership between the two nations.

The acquisition of the Rafale Marine jets and Scorpene submarines aligns with India’s broader strategy to modernise its military assets and strengthen its defence posture in the Indo-Pacific region. As geopolitical dynamics evolve, such strategic partnerships and procurements are crucial for maintaining regional stability and safeguarding national interests.

The Rafale Marine, a naval variant of the Dassault Rafale, is renowned for its versatility and advanced combat capabilities. Equipped with state-of-the-art avionics and weapon systems, it is capable of carrying out a wide range of missions, including air superiority, ground attack, and reconnaissance. Its integration into the Indian Navy is expected to significantly enhance operational readiness and combat effectiveness.

The Scorpene-class submarines, developed by France’s Naval Group, are diesel-electric attack submarines known for their stealth and advanced sonar capabilities. The addition of three more Scorpene submarines will augment the Indian Navy’s underwater warfare strength, providing a strategic advantage in maritime operations.