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Norway’s Sovereign Wealth Fund, managed by Norges Bank Investment Management, has achieved a new milestone in its investment portfolio with an increased exposure to Bitcoin. This exposure, reaching a record high, is now valued at the equivalent of 7,161 Bitcoin, achieved through investments in companies that hold Bitcoin on their balance sheets. This move signifies a notable shift in the fund’s diversification strategy, as it moves further into the digital asset space.

The fund’s strategy typically involves investing in a broad spectrum of assets, including global equities, bonds, and real estate. However, the rising value of cryptocurrencies and their growing acceptance in mainstream financial markets have prompted the fund to increase its indirect exposure to Bitcoin. NBIM’s current indirect holdings represent a stake in Bitcoin through companies that have embraced cryptocurrency, such as MicroStrategy and Tesla, which have allocated significant portions of their balance sheets to the digital currency.

With Bitcoin’s price having seen significant volatility over the years, the fund’s exposure to the digital asset has raised questions about the risks and benefits of investing in such a volatile commodity. As of the latest figures, the total value of these Bitcoin-linked investments stands at approximately 1,387 Norwegian kroner per Norwegian citizen, based on the current exchange rates and Bitcoin’s market price.

This development underscores the growing integration of digital currencies into traditional investment portfolios. The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund, traditionally focused on more conventional assets, has now ventured into a more speculative investment arena. While the fund’s management has assured that this exposure remains minimal compared to its total assets, the move reflects broader trends within institutional investment.

NBIM’s strategy aligns with increasing interest among large-scale investors in diversifying into Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Over the past few years, several prominent investment funds and financial institutions have adjusted their portfolios to include Bitcoin as a hedge against inflation or as a long-term store of value. These entities view Bitcoin’s finite supply and its potential as an alternative investment vehicle in a world of low-interest rates and global economic uncertainties as key drivers behind their investment decisions.

However, the fund’s Bitcoin exposure remains highly indirect. Instead of holding Bitcoin directly, NBIM’s stake comes from investments in companies like MicroStrategy, whose CEO, Michael Saylor, is a known advocate for Bitcoin. Tesla, another key player in the space, made headlines in 2021 when it disclosed its investment in Bitcoin, which led to an immediate surge in the digital currency’s value.

The Norwegian government, which oversees the fund’s operations, has expressed cautious optimism about its cryptocurrency exposure. While the fund is generally conservative in its investment approach, there is recognition that digital assets could play a role in long-term portfolio diversification. The Fund has made it clear that its current exposure is small and that the risk of loss is something it continues to monitor.

While Bitcoin has proven to be an incredibly volatile asset, some argue that its performance over time, including periods of significant appreciation, has made it an attractive speculative asset. Proponents believe that as Bitcoin becomes more integrated into the financial system and more institutional investors enter the market, its volatility will decrease, and its value will continue to appreciate in the long term. Conversely, critics caution that Bitcoin’s lack of intrinsic value and its exposure to regulatory scrutiny could render it a risky bet for long-term investors.

The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund’s growing interest in Bitcoin is part of a wider trend that is seeing institutional investors increasingly embrace digital currencies. In addition to companies like MicroStrategy and Tesla, several other financial entities have made substantial investments in Bitcoin, such as Grayscale Investments and the publicly traded Bitcoin ETF, which tracks the price of Bitcoin directly.

As this trend continues, it raises broader questions about the role of cryptocurrencies in the global financial system. While Bitcoin and other digital assets were once viewed primarily as speculative investments or a form of digital gold, they are now starting to be considered by more traditional investors as part of a diversified investment strategy. The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund’s increasing exposure to Bitcoin may serve as a bellwether for other institutional investors contemplating similar moves.

Greenlogue/AP The United States has solidified its position as the leading source of greenfield foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2025, with American companies backing 61 projects worth a total of $2.7 billion. This surge in American investments marks a significant shift in global investment trends, as US-based firms continue to bolster the Kingdom’s economic diversification efforts under its Vision 2030 initiative. […]

Elon Musk has reportedly suspended his ambitious plans to create a new political party, instead shifting his attention back to his array of business ventures. According to the Wall Street Journal, sources close to the billionaire entrepreneur have confirmed that Musk now intends to focus on his companies, including Tesla, SpaceX, and Twitter, which recently rebranded as X. The idea of a new political movement was first […]

Samsung Electronics has secured a significant contract with Tesla, valued at $16.5 billion, to produce the electric vehicle manufacturer’s next-generation AI6 chips. The chips will be manufactured at Samsung’s advanced fabrication facility in Taylor, Texas, marking a pivotal development in both companies’ strategic plans.

The eight-year agreement, confirmed by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, is set to commence in 2025 and extend through 2033. This deal represents a substantial commitment from Tesla to Samsung’s foundry capabilities, particularly as the semiconductor industry faces increasing demand for advanced chips.

The AI6 chips are designed to power Tesla’s Full Self-Driving systems, the Optimus humanoid robot, and future robotaxi fleets. This move follows Tesla’s decision to discontinue its in-house Dojo supercomputer project, redirecting focus towards optimized chip design and external partnerships for AI infrastructure.

Samsung’s Taylor facility, supported by $6.4 billion in U. S. CHIPS Act funding, will utilize the company’s 2-nanometer process technology to manufacture the AI6 chips. This collaboration aims to enhance Samsung’s foundry business, which has faced challenges in recent years, and to position the company as a competitive player in the advanced semiconductor market.

While the deal is a strategic win for Samsung, it also presents challenges. The production of 2nm chips is complex, and achieving high yield rates is critical. Additionally, the financial terms of the contract suggest that Samsung may initially operate at a loss, viewing the deal as an investment in long-term growth and industry positioning.

The partnership with Tesla is expected to bolster Samsung’s position in the global semiconductor industry, particularly in competition with Taiwan’s TSMC, a dominant player in the foundry market. The success of this venture will depend on the effective scaling of production capabilities and the ability to meet Tesla’s stringent performance requirements.

Tesla has officially halted operations of its Dojo supercomputer, a key element in CEO Elon Musk’s vision for advancing full self-driving technology. Originally introduced as a crucial piece of the puzzle for the automaker’s autonomous driving ambitions, Dojo was expected to significantly enhance Tesla’s machine-learning capabilities. The decision to shut down the AI training system comes at a time when Tesla is facing increased competition in the […]

Corporate treasuries and investment funds have made significant moves into Bitcoin this year, with a staggering 371,111 BTC purchased since January. This figure, more than three times the amount mined during the same period, signals the growing influence of institutional investors in the cryptocurrency market. These acquisitions come amid an evolving strategy pioneered by Michael Saylor, the founder of MicroStrategy, whose company continues to lead the pack in BTC purchases.

Saylor, an early advocate of Bitcoin, has been vocal about the digital asset’s potential as a hedge against inflation and a store of value, especially in an era of increasing economic uncertainty. MicroStrategy’s strategy of accumulating Bitcoin on its balance sheet has served as a model for other corporate investors looking to diversify their cash reserves. The company currently holds over 150,000 BTC, solidifying its position as the largest publicly traded corporate holder of Bitcoin.

This trend is not limited to MicroStrategy alone. A growing number of public companies have followed suit, with many purchasing Bitcoin as part of their long-term investment strategies. Among the most prominent in this movement are Tesla, which made a significant BTC purchase in early 2021, and Block, the payments company founded by Jack Dorsey. Both have maintained substantial Bitcoin holdings, and their actions continue to inspire others in the corporate sector to consider the digital asset as a viable alternative to traditional assets like cash or bonds.

The accumulation of Bitcoin by public companies and investment funds is also evidenced in the growth of Bitcoin-backed exchange-traded funds. Major ETFs have amassed nearly $151 billion worth of BTC, accounting for a significant 6.47% of the total circulating supply. This figure reflects the increasing mainstream acceptance of Bitcoin and the growing appetite for institutional investors to gain exposure to the cryptocurrency market without the direct complexities of buying and storing the digital asset.

The Bitcoin ETF market has rapidly matured, with various products offering different exposure options. Grayscale Bitcoin Trust and the Purpose Bitcoin ETF, for example, have emerged as key players, providing institutional and retail investors alike with a more accessible way to hold Bitcoin. These funds have not only bolstered institutional interest but also helped legitimize Bitcoin as an asset class in the eyes of traditional finance.

One of the key factors driving this wave of institutional adoption is the desire for better yield in an environment of low-interest rates and rising inflation. Bitcoin’s scarcity, with a maximum supply of 21 million coins, makes it an attractive proposition for funds and corporate treasuries looking for an alternative store of value. As inflation fears continue to loom, particularly in the wake of expansive monetary policies enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, Bitcoin offers an attractive hedge against potential currency devaluation.

The maturity of the Bitcoin network and its increasing institutional infrastructure, including custodial services, derivatives markets, and improved regulatory clarity, have made it easier for large investors to enter the market with confidence. This growing institutional infrastructure is also helping reduce some of the risks traditionally associated with cryptocurrency investments, such as security concerns and price volatility.

However, not everyone is convinced of the long-term benefits of Bitcoin. Critics argue that the digital asset remains highly speculative, with no inherent value other than what investors are willing to pay. Regulatory uncertainty also continues to cast a shadow over the market, with governments worldwide scrutinizing the use of Bitcoin in financial systems and its role in money laundering and illicit activities.

BitBridge has announced plans to begin acquiring Bitcoin for its balance sheet, with the intention of going public by the end of the third quarter of 2025. The company, which is positioning itself as a key player in the cryptocurrency sector, aims to tap into the growing demand for digital assets by developing an ecosystem centred around Bitcoin. This will include offering BTC-backed loans, potentially reshaping the landscape of crypto-finance.

The company’s move to purchase Bitcoin signals a strategic shift towards greater exposure to digital currencies and aligns with the broader trend of institutional investment in crypto assets. With the recent volatility in the cryptocurrency market, BitBridge is positioning itself to capitalise on the emerging financial opportunities in the blockchain space.

Going public under the ticker symbol #BTTL, BitBridge will offer investors the chance to access a growing market for Bitcoin-backed services and investment vehicles. The decision to acquire Bitcoin directly for its balance sheet highlights a growing trend among crypto-focused firms to integrate the asset into their operations as a long-term investment and financial instrument. This development also mirrors actions taken by large corporations, including payment giants like Tesla, which have previously added Bitcoin to their balance sheets.

Alongside the balance sheet expansion, BitBridge is laying the groundwork for an innovative platform that will offer Bitcoin-backed loans. This new service aims to provide an alternative to traditional lending, leveraging the liquidity of Bitcoin to offer credit solutions for crypto holders. These loans, secured by Bitcoin, could appeal to both individual and institutional clients who may be looking to unlock value from their holdings without selling their digital assets.

The potential for Bitcoin-backed loans to disrupt traditional lending models has garnered attention from experts in the fintech space. By collateralising loans with Bitcoin, borrowers can access liquidity while retaining ownership of their crypto assets. This could prove especially attractive in an environment where cryptocurrency adoption is growing, and more individuals are seeking ways to integrate their holdings into the broader financial system.

One of the critical aspects of BitBridge’s strategy will be its approach to regulatory compliance. As governments around the world begin to refine their stance on cryptocurrency, BitBridge’s ability to navigate the regulatory landscape will be crucial for its success. The company’s move to offer Bitcoin-backed loans will likely draw increased scrutiny from financial regulators, especially as concerns grow over the potential risks associated with crypto-backed lending.

BitBridge is also positioning itself within a competitive space, with several established players already offering similar services. However, the company’s focus on Bitcoin as a core asset distinguishes it from others in the market, potentially allowing it to tap into a niche but growing sector of the cryptocurrency market.

In addition to its focus on Bitcoin, BitBridge has emphasised the importance of security and transparency in its operations. As the crypto ecosystem continues to evolve, concerns about cybersecurity and the protection of assets remain top priorities for both investors and users. BitBridge’s commitment to building a secure and transparent platform is likely to play a significant role in attracting users who are wary of the risks associated with the crypto space.

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Tesla has accelerated its plans for the launch of its highly anticipated Robotaxi service in San Francisco, with the service potentially set to begin as early as this Friday. The announcement comes after the company moved up its timeline, reflecting confidence in its self-driving technology and its ability to meet regulatory requirements. Some Tesla owners have already been notified that they will have the opportunity to participate […]

We’re at an all-time high for the S&P 500 right at the beginning of earnings season. If we can get through this earnings season with not too many major failures, this upward current momentum that we have in the market, is likely to continue. It’s tempting to call this a pause for breath—but make no mistake, what follows could determine whether bulls stay in control. With 59 S&P 500 […]

Tokyo-listed Metaplanet has bolstered its treasury by buying 797 additional bitcoins, worth approximately $96 million, raising its total holdings to 16,352 BTC—valued near $2 billion—as Bitcoin surged past $120,000. The move mirrors the blueprint of US-based Strategy: leverage equity and debt issuance to accumulate crypto assets, which can then be used as collateral for broader expansion.

CEO Simon Gerovich reiterated that Metaplanet intends to use its growing Bitcoin reserves not for trading or liquidation, but to underpin financing for acquisitions in cash-generating sectors—particularly digital banking and financial services. The company plans to tap into traditional financing channels, including zero-interest bonds and preferred-share issuance, while steering clear of convertible debt. This purchase follows a series of substantial bond financings: earlier this month, Metaplanet issued 30 billion yen in zero‑coupon bonds to acquire an additional 1,005 BTC, bringing total holdings to around 13,350 BTC.

Industry analysts say Metaplanet now ranks as Asia’s largest and the world’s fifth-largest corporate Bitcoin holder, outranking companies such as Tesla, Coinbase, and Block Inc.. The firm has set ambitious targets: 100,000 BTC by end‑2026 and 210,000 BTC by end‑2027—accounting for nearly 1% of the global Bitcoin supply.

Boosted by these strategic shifts, the company’s market capitalisation surpassed ¥1 trillion, and its stock has climbed more than 345% this year. The pivot, originally a hotel chain, to a Bitcoin treasury vehicle began in 2024 and has drawn parallels to MicroStrategy’s transformation into a crypto-centric enterprise.

While bitcoin-backed financing is still in its infancy among mainstream banks, select institutions—such as Standard Chartered and OKX—have begun piloting crypto as collateral. Gerovich emphasised that once accumulation reaches “escape velocity,” Metaplanet’s holdings could be leveraged similarly to traditional assets to secure financing for acquisitions.

Sceptics voice concerns around volatility and the sustainability of the “bitcoin yield” model. Veteran short-seller Jim Chanos dismissed these valuations as “financial gibberish,” yet Gerovich welcomes critics, stating he invites them to short the stock if they are not convinced of the strategy.

Metaplanet is exploring acquisitions of digital banks and financial services companies that align with its strategy. The company is also aiming to strengthen its treasury infrastructure through asset-backed financing, including bond issuances, preferred equity deals and a planned $5 billion capital raise targeting expansion into its Florida subsidiary.

China’s BYD has pledged to assume full legal and financial responsibility for any accidents involving its new Level‑4 autonomous parking system, marking a decisive shift in automaker liability practices. The commitment, limited to parking scenarios using its “God’s Eye” system, allows drivers to bypass insurance claims entirely: damages will be handled directly through BYD after-sales services. BYD’s announcement follows confirmation that its God’s Eye system has reached […]

Elon Musk stated that his newly formed America Party will officially support Bitcoin, branding traditional fiat currency as “hopeless.” He responded succinctly on X to a user asking whether his party would embrace the flagship cryptocurrency: “Fiat is hopeless, so yes.” Musk’s announcement aligns with the party’s broader platform of fiscal conservatism, deficit reduction and modernisation of government, which is packaged alongside calls for balanced budgets and […]

Elon Musk has announced the formation of the “America Party”, marking a definitive rupture with Donald Trump. The billionaire declared the project via a post on X, stating the party is “formed to give you back your freedom” and emerged in response to overwhelming support—by a two‑to‑one margin—expressed through a poll on his platform. This move comes after Musk condemned Trump’s “One Big Beautiful Bill”—a sweeping $3.3 trillion […]

Chinese automakers secured a record share of Europe’s hybrid-car segment in May, commanding more than 9% of hybrid sales and an equivalent share of the electric-vehicle market, according to Dataforce. Including internal-combustion models, Chinese-branded registrations surpassed 5% of Europe’s new-car market—an unprecedented milestone. This surge is driven by brands like BYD and SAIC’s MG, which continue to reshape the continent’s automotive landscape.

China’s push into Europe is gaining momentum, with JATO Dynamics reporting that Chinese brands more than doubled their overall market share in May to 5.9%, up from 2.9% a year earlier. These gains are occurring despite EU import tariffs on Chinese battery EVs, which have prompted manufacturers to pivot towards plug-in hybrids and full hybrids—segments not subject to tariffs.

MG held its position as Europe’s top-selling Chinese marque in May, registering 29,400 vehicles, a 30% increase year-on-year. BYD’s growth was even more dynamic, with registrations skyrocketing by nearly 400%, lifting it to just 40 units shy of Tesla’s European sales during the month.

Electric vehicle registrations across the EU rose 25% year-on-year in May, reaching 142,776 units. Plug-in hybrids saw an even sharper surge, up nearly 47% to 87,301 units. Increased consumer appetite for hybrids has powered Chinese-branded sales, enabling brands to bypass non-EV tariffs while entering the market with competitive pricing.

BYD’s strategy appears effective. Dataforce identifies that Chinese-led auto makers captured 8.9% of Europe’s EV market in April—the highest share since the summer of 2024. In addition, BYD’s global sales figures show strong overseas traction, with 89,047 new-energy vehicles shipped to international markets in May, marking a sixth consecutive record month. Notably, BYD’s total NEV sales hit 382,476 in May, reflecting a 15% year-on-year increase.

European consumers are responding to Chinese offerings that combine affordability, feature-rich builds, and tariff-smart powertrains. In-car digital features, such as BYD’s karaoke system or advanced infotainment, are often cited by analysts as differentiators. Models such as BYD’s Seal U, Dolphin, MG’s ZS hybrid, and MG3 urban hybrid are winning particular attention. The Seal U has shifted about 12,400 units this year to date; the Dolphin EV saw around 4,500 sales in the same period. MG’s ZS hybrid, priced at approximately £30,000, has outsold Tesla’s Model Y in early 2025, while the MG3 hybrid has added another 15,200 units to MG’s tally.

Tesla’s foothold in Europe is diminishing. EV registrations for Tesla fell 28% in May to 14,055 units, and the brand has now seen five straight months of declining sales in the region. Tesla’s European market share has dropped from 1.6% to under 1%, with significant year-on-year decreases—45.2% in the EU and 37.1% in the wider region including the UK and Switzerland.

Beyond BYD and MG, other Chinese manufacturers are making steady inroads. Brands like Chery, Jaecoo, Omoda, Geely-owned Polestar, and Leapmotor have launched models across Europe. Leapmotor’s T03 city EV, sold in partnership with Stellantis, registered about 2,500 units in early 2025. Polestar 4 delivery has doubled to over 9,000 units, a figure bolstered by its luxury EV market position. JATO data also highlights Chery affiliates Jaecoo and Omoda expanding beyond their initial markets, with Jaecoo registering 7,449 units and Omoda 4,213.

Chinese carmakers’ strategic pivot addresses barriers head-on. WardsAuto explains this shift from BEVs to hybrids as a direct response to both EU tariffs and growing demand for PHEVs. PHEV sales in Europe surged by 534% year-on-year, while BEVs rose 41%. Around a third of Chinese-sourced registrations now utilise hybrid powertrains.

European brand loyalty is being reshaped. The global proliferation of Chinese NEVs is contributing to Europe’s EV sales reaching record 1.6 million units by May—27% ahead of last year—with massive growth in southern Europe, including a 72% increase in Spain. Analysts caution that without swift adaptation in pricing, tech, and product strategy, legacy European brands risk further erosion of market share through the 2030s.

While European consumers are warming to Chinese vehicles, an EU probe into state subsidies lingers, casting a strategic shadow. China denies allegations. For now, market data reveals that Chinese automakers have formulated a dual-pronged approach—introducing advanced PHEVs and hybrids to outflank tariffs and strategically pricing BEVs for maximum impact.

This acceleration of Chinese brands in Europe is reframing competition. BYD’s quadrupling of sales over four months and MG’s expanding dominance among Chinese marques demonstrate a transformative shift. Tesla’s slowdown and mounting EV and hybrid demand mark a turning point—one in which Chinese manufacturers are not just participants, but increasingly prominent shapers of Europe’s automotive future.

Kraken has launched xStocks, a platform enabling users outside the United States to trade 60 tokenised U.S. stocks and ETFs around the clock, five days a week. Accessible through the Kraken app, these equities are issued on the Solana blockchain and are fully backed one‑for‑one by genuine shares held via Backed and Dinari, offering both price parity and economic rights.

The new service opens over 60 blue‑chip names—including Apple, Tesla, Nvidia and Amazon—to non‑U.S. investors, granting fractional ownership starting at just US$1, with no purchase fee in USD or Kraken’s native USDG. Trading is available 24/5 via the exchange, while withdrawal to self‑custodial wallets allows for 24/7 on‑chain usage, such as collateral in DeFi.

Kraken’s co‑chief executive Arjun Sethi described xStocks as a “foundational” shift in investment accessibility, emphasising seamless, permissionless ownership without intermediaries or geo‑barriers. The tokens are structured as SPL assets on Solana, chosen for its speed and efficiency, and dividends are auto‑reinvested into additional tokens, though users forfeit direct voting rights.

Kraken has imposed geo‑restrictions, excluding U.S. persons as well as residents in Canada, EU, UK and Australia during the initial rollout—but plans to expand to more than 185 countries in the coming weeks and eventually extend to multiple blockchains. The exchange emphasizes adherence to regulatory frameworks, supported by its partnerships with Swiss issuer Backed and U.S. SEC‑registered transfer agent Dinari.

The advent of tokenised stocks follows earlier, less‑successful attempts by Binance in 2021, which encountered regulatory pushback in multiple jurisdictions. Coincidentally, Bybit unveiled access to the same xStocks pool two hours after Kraken, signalling an intensifying push within the crypto sector. Bybit’s version supports both Solana and Ethereum versions, aimed at users seeking a bridge between traditional finance and crypto.

The global tokenisation of equities is attracting attention across the industry. Robinhood has launched tokenised stock trading in the EU in partnership with Arbitrum, enabling EU residents to trade over 200 U.S. equities 24/5. Coinbase is also pursuing approval from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to offer tokenised equities domestically, pending regulatory clearance. Several firms recognise tokenisation’s potential to reduce costs, improve settlement times, and introduce continuous trading, though they acknowledge challenges surrounding liquidity and regulatory harmonisation.

Market watchers suggest tokenised equities could reshape global finance. The linkage to blockchain allows cross‑border access, seamless custody and composability in DeFi ecosystems. Critics note limitations, such as absence of voting rights and uncertain secondary‑market liquidity. The World Economic Forum and legal analysts have underlined the need for clearer disclosure standards and global regulatory coordination.

Kraken’s move appears calibrated to capitalise on a regulatory shift favouring tokenisation. It actively engages with international regulators, avoiding pitfalls that stymied predecessors. Its strategy builds on existing infrastructure—such as its listing of more than 11,000 traditional U.S. securities to U.S. clients—melding established market access with on‑chain innovation.

The launch of xStocks marks a pivotal moment in mainstreaming tokenised finance. By undercutting geographical limitations, slashing fees and uniting traditional equities with crypto rails, Kraken and peers are edging global capital markets closer to seamless, inclusive accessibility. As the ecosystem evolves, attention will turn to how regulatory authorities respond and whether liquidity deepens to support this new asset class.

Iran’s parliament has passed legislation criminalising the use, operation or possession of Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite internet system, citing concerns over national security and unauthorised communications. The bill now awaits approval from the Guardian Council before becoming enforceable law. Authorities warn that penalties may include hefty fines, imprisonment and even corporal punishment. The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology contends that unlicensed satellite networks threaten sovereignty and […]

Tesla has not formally announced plans to launch a smartphone, despite persistent online chatter. CEO Elon Musk has dismissed phone development as a low priority, describing it as “a lot of work” and saying he hopes the company never has to build one. Fact-checking organisations confirm that no credible media outlet has reported a Tesla phone release. Rumours of a “Tesla Pi Phone” or “Model Pi” have circulated […]

Texas Governor Greg Abbott has enacted Senate Bill 21, empowering the creation of the Texas Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, making it the third US state to legislate a formal Bitcoin reserve following Arizona and New Hampshire. For the first time among its peers, Texas will finance this dedicated fund with public money, distinguishing it from Arizona’s and New Hampshire’s models.

Under the terms of SB 21, the reserve will operate independently of Texas’s treasury and be managed by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, guided by an advisory committee of crypto investment professionals. Only assets with an average market capitalisation exceeding US $500 billion over two years qualify for inclusion—Bitcoin currently stands alone in meeting that benchmark. The fund’s flexibility extends to growth through forks, airdrops, investment returns and public donations, with biennial public disclosures required.

Companion legislation, House Bill 4488, shields the reserve from routine transfer into the general revenue fund and ensures its legal continuity regardless of whether it holds Bitcoin by summer 2025. The Senate passed SB 21 by 25 votes to 5, and the House by 9 to 4; the law will take effect on 1 September 2025.

Proponents frame the reserve as a strategic hedge against inflation and economic volatility, aligning with Texas’s broader approach to diversify its assets. Senator Charles Schwertner, the bill’s author, observed that if the state can invest in gold or land, it should also have the option to invest in Bitcoin—“the best-performing asset of the last 10 years”.

Governor Abbott has been a vocal supporter of cryptocurrency integration, remarking last year that Texas was already home to crypto mining and “should become the crypto capital”. The inclusion of a state fund aligns with his pro-crypto stance and the passage of HB 4488, which he signed shortly after, enhances the law’s stability.

Texas’s approach diverges notably from Arizona and New Hampshire. Arizona’s law permits establishment of a reserve but prohibits spending public funds on asset purchases, whereas New Hampshire enables investment through the treasury—but neither allocates separate, publicly funded funds. By committing public funds and creating a segregated structure, Texas establishes a more robust and intentional framework.

Financial analysts and policymakers have reacted with a mixture of cautious interest and concern. While some view the move as a progressive diversification strategy, sceptics warn of Bitcoin’s price volatility and uncertain long-term value. Reports from the European Central Bank and ECB president have criticised similar shifts by US governments, saying they could undermine monetary sovereignty and disrupt digital euro initiatives. Meanwhile, a February 2025 University of Chicago economist survey found no consensus that borrowing to fund a crypto reserve would be beneficial.

Globally, the action has prompted varied governmental responses. Belarus has emphasised crypto mining; South Korea and Switzerland have explicitly rejected adding Bitcoin to central reserves, citing volatility; India has announced it is reassessing its crypto stance in light of global shifts.

The legislative milestone occurs amid mounting institutional interest in Bitcoin. Public companies such as MicroStrategy, Marathon Digital and Tesla continue to invest heavily, contributing to a surge in corporate holdings—more than 819,000 BTC held across 223 firms, representing nearly 3.9 per cent of total supply. Notable large-scale investments have included Paris-listed The Blockchain Group’s purchase of 182 BTC for US $19.6 million, and Nakamoto Holdings securing US $51.5 million via PIPE funding for further Bitcoin acquisitions.

Matein Khalid I had analyzed SpaceX as a potential 10X winner in the Dubai media circa late 2020 when it traded at a mere $46 billion in the private market and even invited a number of close friends in an investor syndicate after sourcing shares from the Founders Fund in San Fran via the secondary market. Shakespear’s Henry V praised the English longbow archers who won him […]

Elon Musk has launched a scathing attack on President Donald Trump’s proposed $4 trillion tax and spending bill, branding it the “Debt Slavery Bill” and urging Americans to pressure lawmakers to reject it. The Tesla and SpaceX CEO’s criticism comes as the U.S. national debt approaches $37 trillion, with the Congressional Budget Office projecting the bill would add approximately $2.4 trillion to the deficit over the next […]

Vibe coding—a term popularised by former Tesla and OpenAI engineer Andrej Karpathy—has emerged as a transformative approach in software development. By leveraging large language models , developers can generate code through natural language prompts, effectively shifting the role of programmers from manual coding to guiding AI-generated outputs. This method has gained traction among experienced developers and hobbyists, offering a more intuitive and creative coding experience. However, for […]

Tesla’s ambitious plan to deploy thousands of Optimus humanoid robots across its factories by the end of 2025 has drawn scepticism from within its own ranks. Chris Walti, the former project lead for Optimus, has expressed doubts about the suitability of humanoid robots for high-speed, repetitive factory tasks, suggesting that simpler robotic designs may be more practical and efficient. Elon Musk envisions Optimus as a transformative force […]

Tesla Inc.’s Bitcoin holdings have surpassed $1.25 billion, reflecting a significant appreciation in the cryptocurrency’s value. According to Arkham Intelligence, the electric vehicle manufacturer currently possesses approximately 11,900 BTC. This valuation underscores Tesla’s enduring commitment to Bitcoin, despite previous fluctuations in its digital asset strategy.

The company’s initial foray into Bitcoin occurred in early 2021, when it invested $1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency. Subsequently, Tesla began accepting Bitcoin as payment for its vehicles. However, this payment option was suspended in May 2021 due to environmental concerns related to Bitcoin mining’s energy consumption. The suspension led to a notable decline in both Bitcoin’s value and Tesla’s stock price.

In the second quarter of 2022, Tesla sold approximately 75% of its Bitcoin holdings, amounting to $936 million. CEO Elon Musk stated that the sale was driven by the company’s need for liquidity rather than a lack of confidence in Bitcoin. Since then, Tesla has incrementally increased its Bitcoin holdings, now totaling around 11,900 BTC.

The recent surge in Bitcoin’s value has contributed to the increased valuation of Tesla’s holdings. As of May 24, 2025, Bitcoin is trading at approximately $109,058. This price point has bolstered the value of Tesla’s Bitcoin assets, aligning with the company’s strategic investment approach.

Tesla’s position in Bitcoin places it among the top corporate holders of the cryptocurrency. Other notable companies with significant Bitcoin investments include MicroStrategy and Galaxy Digital Holdings. These firms have adopted similar strategies, integrating Bitcoin into their corporate treasuries.

The broader corporate adoption of Bitcoin has been influenced by recent regulatory developments. In March 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order establishing a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve. This initiative aims to maintain government-owned Bitcoin as a national reserve asset. The move has sparked interest among various states and corporations, further legitimizing Bitcoin’s role in the financial ecosystem.

Chinese automaker BYD has overtaken Tesla in European battery electric vehicle registrations for the first time, marking a significant shift in the continent’s competitive electric vehicle market. In April 2025, BYD registered 7,231 BEVs across Europe, narrowly surpassing Tesla’s 7,165 units, according to data from market research firm JATO Dynamics. This milestone underscores BYD’s rapid expansion beyond its initial European markets of Norway and the Netherlands, where […]

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