Lee met the Pope at the Apostolic Palace on Monday during the Vatican leg of a wider European tour, accompanied by first lady Kim Hea Kyung. The meeting placed religion and diplomacy at the centre of Seoul’s outreach strategy, as the Lee administration looks for channels beyond formal security talks to keep a peace agenda alive despite Pyongyang’s weapons programme.
The invitation was tied to World Youth Day 2027, the Catholic Church’s largest youth gathering, which Seoul will host from August 3 to 8. The event is expected to bring large numbers of young Catholics and other visitors to the capital, giving South Korea a global platform and offering Pope Leo his first major Asian pastoral journey if he accepts.
Lee and Pope Leo agreed to cooperate on the successful staging of the event, while the South Korean leader briefed the pontiff on his government’s approach to peace-building. Seoul wants the Vatican to sustain moral and diplomatic attention on the peninsula at a time when inter-Korean contact remains frozen and North Korea has shown little interest in official exchanges.
The meeting also touched on the possibility of a papal visit to North Korea, a move that would be unprecedented and politically sensitive. No pope has visited Pyongyang, and any such trip would require a formal invitation and guarantees from the North Korean authorities. The late Pope Francis had repeatedly signalled willingness to go if invited, but the plan never progressed beyond exploratory diplomacy.
Lee’s Vatican stop followed a peace Mass at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, celebrated by South Korea-born Cardinal Lazzaro You Heung-sik. Lee told the congregation that the “ember of hope” for dialogue and cooperation with North Korea remained alive, recalling the June 15, 2000 inter-Korean declaration that opened the way for family reunions, exchanges and humanitarian cooperation before relations deteriorated again.
The president has sought to present his North Korea policy as a shift from confrontation towards risk reduction. His administration has suspended propaganda loudspeaker broadcasts across the border and has said it does not seek unification by absorption or ideological competition. Officials frame those steps as confidence-building measures aimed at preventing accidental clashes and rebuilding basic military trust.
Pyongyang has not responded positively. North Korea has continued to define relations with Seoul as those between hostile states and has maintained its commitment to nuclear weapons and missile development. That position limits the scope for diplomacy and makes any papal role dependent on choices by Kim Jong Un’s government rather than on Vatican willingness alone.
After meeting Pope Leo, Lee held separate talks with Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin and Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, the Holy See’s senior diplomat for relations with states and international organisations. Those discussions covered bilateral ties, World Youth Day, regional affairs and the contribution of the local Catholic Church to education, welfare and democratic development.
The Vatican and the Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations in 1963. Pope John Paul II visited the country in 1984 and 1989, while Pope Francis travelled there in 2014 for Asian Youth Day. The 2027 event will return the papacy to a society where Catholics are a minority but hold a visible role in civic life and social services.
South Korea’s Catholic population surpassed 6 million at the end of 2025, representing about 11.4 per cent of the population. The Church has grown steadily over the past two decades, though it faces the same demographic pressures as the wider country, including ageing congregations and fewer vocations. World Youth Day is therefore being treated as both a diplomatic opportunity and a test of the Church’s appeal to younger generations.
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