RBI presses banks to shore up deposits

Reserve Bank officials have opened discussions with commercial lenders on how to attract larger and more stable deposits, as the banking system grapples with a widening mismatch between loan growth and deposit mobilisation. The push comes as households channel a bigger share of savings into equities and mutual funds, leaving banks under pressure to compete harder for retail money and rely more on costlier wholesale funding.

The backdrop is a funding strain that has become harder for lenders to ignore. Data cited in market reports show credit growth has continued to outpace deposit growth, with loans rising 14.5% year on year as of late February against deposit growth of 11.9%. By mid-March, the system credit-deposit ratio had climbed above 83%, a level analysts describe as historically stretched, underscoring how aggressively banks have had to deploy funds to sustain lending across retail, corporate and small business segments.

That imbalance is feeding directly into banks’ funding costs. Lenders have increasingly turned to certificates of deposit, a short-term market instrument used to raise money from institutional investors, because traditional deposit inflows have not kept pace with credit demand. Reuters reported that outstanding certificates of deposit had risen to a record 6.64 trillion rupees by February 28, while the premium banks were paying over comparable treasury bill yields had widened to levels last seen during the Covid-era funding stress of 2020.

Senior bankers have acknowledged the pressure. Indian Bank managing director and chief executive Binod Kumar told Reuters that some lenders had already raised fixed deposit rates, but that strong credit growth meant funding pressure was likely to persist. That suggests the central bank’s consultations are not merely precautionary; they reflect a structural concern inside the financial system over the quality and stability of bank liabilities, especially at a time when competition for household savings is no longer confined to rival banks.

A key reason lies outside the banking sector. The Economic Survey for 2025-26 said the share of equity and mutual funds in annual household financial savings had risen from about 2% in FY12 to more than 15.2% in FY25, a sharp reallocation that captures how retail investors are moving towards market-linked products. The same survey said individual investors’ share in equity ownership had reached 18.8% by September 2025, while household equity wealth had expanded by about 53 lakh crore rupees between April 2020 and September 2025.

That shift has continued into this year. Reuters reported that inflows into equity mutual funds rose 56% in March to 404.5 billion rupees, the highest in eight months, while monthly SIP contributions climbed to a record near 321 billion rupees. Data published by the Association of Mutual Funds in India separately showed total SIP collections of 32,087 crore rupees in March. Together, those figures point to a household investor base that remains willing to keep allocating money to market instruments even during volatile trading conditions.

For banks, the result is a more expensive contest for deposits. Lenders have already been raising term deposit rates in pockets of the market, particularly where they need to defend margins or maintain funding for loan books growing faster than system averages. Yet higher deposit rates carry their own cost, squeezing net interest margins at a time when analysts are already warning that wholesale funding dependence and tighter liability conditions could drag on profitability.

The RBI is trying to contain the wider liquidity effects while keeping monetary transmission orderly. In its April monetary policy communication, the central bank said it wanted the weighted average call rate, its operative rate, to stay close to the 5.25% repo rate. It indicated that maintaining liquidity surplus in a range of 0.6% to 1.1% of deposits would help keep the spread between the call rate and the policy rate within 5 to 10 basis points. Banking system liquidity surplus has already risen above 4 trillion rupees this month, giving lenders some immediate relief even as the deeper deposit challenge remains unresolved.