Europe is preparing for the potential implications of a second Trump presidency, concerned about renewed trade tensions and significant shifts in the transatlantic security framework. European leaders recall the policies of Trump’s first term, marked by tariffs on European imports, withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accord, and a confrontational approach to NATO contributions. With 2024 U.S. elections looming, European officials are not only bracing for a resurgence of similar tactics but also assessing ways to assert greater autonomy in defense and trade.
European officials and diplomats have begun emphasizing readiness to avoid a repeat of the challenges that caught many off-guard in 2016. Some leaders, including former French President François Hollande, advocate for a proactive stance, urging the European Union to prepare for a United States that may distance itself from Europe. This contingency plan comes amid heightened anxieties that Trump, unbound by re-election concerns, might intensify his stance on Europe’s defense spending and reduce American military presence in the region.
A renewed Trump administration could increase pressure on Europe to adjust its strategic and defense priorities. With his past criticisms of NATO members’ defense spending, particularly Germany’s, Trump’s possible return to the White House has led to a revival of European conversations on strategic autonomy. During Trump’s initial tenure, he consistently advocated for NATO countries to boost their contributions, often singling out Germany, which at the time did not meet NATO’s 2% GDP defense expenditure target. While Germany has since increased its defense spending, concerns persist that Trump may push for even more significant European financial commitments or explore alternative alliances outside NATO.
In Germany, which has experienced some of the most direct effects of Trump’s policies, the federal government is intensifying its preparations. German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock’s outreach to U.S. Republican counterparts exemplifies a strategic approach to establish dialogue channels with influential American conservatives. However, many German policymakers, including influential parliamentarian Norbert Röttgen, question the depth of current preparation efforts, noting that Europe’s primary response to Trump’s 2016 election was inadequate and highlighting the importance of independent defense planning as a hedge against potential U.S. policy shifts.
Across the EU, there is a growing trend to diversify defense and trade partnerships beyond the U.S. European Commission officials have coordinated increased production of military supplies, such as ammunition, to bolster Ukraine’s defense—a move that reflects a broader commitment to strengthening the EU’s defense capabilities independently of the U.S. Former Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves observed that Europe has substantially ramped up its weapons support for Ukraine, surpassing even U.S. assistance in some aspects, which has reinforced confidence in Europe’s evolving defense autonomy.
Another key area of concern is the potential impact on U.S.-EU trade relations. Trump’s previous term saw the imposition of tariffs on European steel and aluminum, sparking a transatlantic trade dispute. A new administration could see these tariffs reintroduced or new tariffs placed on high-value European exports, such as automobiles, which could disrupt key European industries. European economies, particularly Germany’s automotive sector, could experience significant repercussions from any new tariffs, given the close integration of global supply chains. In light of these risks, the EU has been ramping up its trade outreach to diversify markets and secure alternative trade agreements.
The strategic and political implications of a second Trump term also extend to the sensitive issue of European alliances. Poland, for instance, has maintained strong relations with the U.S. regardless of leadership, with initiatives like “Fort Trump”—a symbolic reference to enhanced U.S. troop presence in Poland. While Poland has benefited from U.S. support, including defense cooperation, Trump’s campaign rhetoric about achieving a “peace deal” with Russia within a day has stirred unease. Given Poland’s critical position in NATO’s eastern flank and its robust support for Ukraine, Polish officials are wary of any potential pivot by Washington that could undermine NATO’s collective stance against Russia.
In response to these uncertainties, several European countries have taken steps to build relationships with influential American Republicans, including House and Senate members. Efforts to enhance diplomatic engagement have been evident in the diplomatic visits of figures like former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who held talks with Texas Governor Greg Abbott to anticipate changes in U.S.-UK ties in a Trump-led America.
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