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A landmark federal framework for stablecoins became law on 18 July 2025, when President Donald Trump signed the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U. S. Stablecoins Act. The legislation mandates that stablecoins — digital currencies pegged one‑to‑one to the U. S. dollar or short‑term Treasury bills — must be fully backed by liquid reserves, publicly disclose holdings monthly, and comply with anti‑money laundering and consumer protection rules.

The Act clears a path for both banks and approved non‑bank entities to issue payment stablecoins under a dual licensing system, encompassing federal and state oversight. It also creates a formal category for such assets, offering legal clarity that had eluded stablecoin issuers until now.

Despite bipartisan support in Congress — with Senate approval on 17 June and House passage on 17 July — the new law has drawn criticism. Some lawmakers and experts argue it falls short on stricter anti‑money laundering measures and allows big tech firms to issue stablecoins with fewer regulatory hurdles than traditional banks.

Trump lauded the Act during the White House signing ceremony, calling it “a hell of an act” and asserting it will solidify American crypto leadership and support the dollar’s global primacy. He noted the GENIUS Act “creates a clear and simple regulatory framework” capable of unleashing innovation and enhancing payment systems.

Stakeholders across finance and fintech are re-evaluating their strategies. Traditional banks are preparing pilot programmes and exploring partnerships to issue or facilitate stablecoins, while crypto firms like Circle and Coinbase, which have backed U. S. stablecoin issuance earlier, have seen share prices rise following the law’s enactment.

In parallel, the law aims to channel demand into U. S. Treasuries, reinforcing the dollar’s global role. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent highlighted that requiring asset backing in government debt would deepen Treasury markets. Financial institutions are bracing for increased reserve purchases and adjustments in asset allocation strategies.

The Act introduces rigorous governance: stablecoin issuers must implement reserve audits, adhere to marketing restrictions—such as avoiding government endorsement claims—and prioritise redeeming customer claims ahead of other creditors in insolvency scenarios. It also extends anti‑money laundering obligations under the Bank Secrecy Act, granting treasury authorities power to freeze illicit funds.

Though heralded as a milestone, implementation remains complex. Regulators are expected to issue detailed rules within a year, and the Act’s “effective date” is projected for late 2026, contingent on final regulatory actions or an 18‑month grace period.

Global central banks and fintech players are watching closely. Some expect U. S. leadership in regulated digital currencies could spur innovation overseas, while others warn that insufficient guardrails may encourage regulatory arbitrage. Foreign issuers may enter the U. S. market if they meet rigorous Treasury approval, including comparable home‑jurisdiction oversight and U. S.-based reserve management.

Market response has been immediate: global crypto valuations have surged past $4 trillion, led by strong gains in bitcoin and ether amidst expectations of broader stablecoin integration. Industry experts suggest stablecoins may soon become mainstream payment tools, with major retailers and tech giants like Google, Uber and Apple exploring adoption.

However, voices of caution persist. Critics say the framework could permit big tech to bypass stricter banking regulations, heightening systemic risks, and that consumer safeguards remain inadequate. Transparency International warned the law might provide loopholes exploitable by criminals or hostile regimes.

As rule‑making proceeds and industry adapts, the GENIUS Act marks a fundamental shift in U. S. crypto policy — ushering stablecoins from regulatory limbo into a legalised, structured, but contested future.

A significant majority of sovereign wealth funds from the Middle East are poised to increase their investments in Chinese assets over the coming five years, according to the latest findings from Invesco’s Global Sovereign Asset Management Study. This shift places China at the forefront of strategic allocation decisions, reflecting growing confidence in its innovation-led sectors.

The study, conducted between January and March and covering funds and central banks managing a combined US$27 trillion, reveals that around 60% of Middle Eastern sovereign wealth funds are planning to boost exposure to China. This places the region only behind Asia‑Pacific and Africa, where 88% and 80% of funds respectively intend to raise allocations. North American counterparts also show strong interest, with approximately 73% signalling intent to increase investment in China.

Funds across regions cited strong returns—identified by 71% of respondents—as a key motivator, alongside diversification goals cited by 63% and improved market access for foreigners mentioned by 45%. Chinese innovation sectors, including digital technology, software, advanced manufacturing, automation, and clean energy, are particularly attractive, with 89% indicating interest in digital tech and software, and 70% each for manufacturing and green energy.

Participants in the study included 141 senior investment professionals—chief investment officers, asset-class heads and portfolio strategists—drawn from 83 sovereign wealth funds and 58 central banks globally. The high participation rate lends weight to the findings: China is now ranked as a high or moderate priority for 59% of funds, a notable jump from the previous year.

Despite geopolitical tensions between Washington and Beijing, sovereign funds appear more focused on structural opportunities. North American allocations towards China are framed as strategic, long-term bets in innovation rather than reactive moves to policy friction. As one Invesco executive described, investors appear driven by fear of missing out on China’s strides in semiconductors, AI, EVs and renewable energy—“a strategic urgency they once directed toward Silicon Valley”.

A regional lens reveals the Middle Eastern shift as part of a larger recalibration. Sovereign funds in the Gulf and from oil-rich neighbours are increasingly turning to China not just for commodity trades but for diversified returns and access to high-growth sectors. One Middle Eastern fund commented that the credit spectrum in fixed income markets currently offers more attractive risk-adjusted returns than public equities, underlining a broader repositioning.

Globally, sovereign investors are embracing active management, allocating more to fixed income and private credit as markets normalise post ultra-low interest rate era. Thirty‑nine per cent of funds plan to increase fixed income exposure, underscoring a pivot towards liquidity management and resilience. Private credit usage has expanded sharply, from 30% to 44% in direct or co-investments, reflecting growing appetite for yield and portfolio diversification.

Central banks are also reshaping strategy, with 64% planning to grow reserve holdings and 53% aiming to diversify further within two years. Gold remains a popular hedge: almost half intend to expand allocations over the next three years. The dominance of the US dollar persists, with 78% expecting no credible alternative supply within the next two decades.

A modest entrant in the digital asset space, sovereign wealth funds are gradually increasing exposure to digital currencies. Direct allocations rose to 11% from 7% in 2022, most pronounced in the Middle East, Asia‑Pacific and North America. Stablecoins, viewed as more accessible than traditional crypto, are gaining attention among emerging market funds.

China remains a focal point for global sovereign investors seeking exposure to growth-critical sectors and structural diversification. The convergence of strong returns, market access improvements, and sectoral opportunities is driving Middle Eastern and other funds to recalibrate their portfolios. China has transitioned from an optional allocation into a central pillar of future-focused asset strategies, marking a calculated investment pivot amid an evolving global landscape.

BitMine Immersion Technologies has amassed 163,142 ETH, valued at roughly $500 million, marking the culmination of a newly launched treasury-driven strategy centred on Ethereum. The company raised $250 million via a private placement on July 9 and swiftly deployed the funds, achieving the milestone just five days later. The announcement triggered a surge in its share price—up by more than 40%, erasing prior losses linked to a stock offering.

Tom Lee of Fundstrat, newly appointed chairman, likens the approach to MicroStrategy’s bitcoin strategy, suggesting large Ethereum reserves could confer a “Wall Street put” by accumulating a noticeable slice of supply. At $3,072.67 per ETH, the treasury is positioned to generate upside from both price appreciation and staking rewards.

BitMine’s shift from Bitcoin mining to a dual treasury model hinges on three levers: reinvestment of operational cash flow, capital-market activities, and staking yield. CEO Jonathan Bates emphasises that ETH-per-share will be a key performance metric as the firm expands its treasury holdings.

The broader commercial embrace of Ethereum as a treasury asset is gaining momentum, with decentralised organisations and listed companies now collectively holding around 1.5 million ETH. BitMine is among the heaviest publicly traded Ether holders, joining peers such as Coinbase, SharpLink Gaming, and Bit Digital in staking Ethereum as a productive asset.

Market reaction has been volatile. BitMine shares shot up 3,000% over five trading days by early July following the raise, though the stock later retraced approximately 25% after a market dip. Its market valuation now stands near US$2.4 billion—reflecting a speculative premium on its treasury profile.

Ethereum’s value proposition as a central hub for smart contracts, DeFi applications and stablecoins underpins the strategy. BitMine positions itself as capitalising on the infrastructure layer beneath an expanding $250 billion-plus stablecoin market. Staking offers a yield-generating mechanism that differentiates Ether from Bitcoin, allowing the firm to extract returns while holding the asset.

However, the approach carries risks. Ethereum remains volatile—down roughly 9% year-to-date—raising concerns over treasury valuation swings. Regulatory scrutiny of large crypto holdings also looms, and the firm’s reliance on a single digital asset exposes it to concentration risk.

BitMine operates mining facilities in Trinidad, Texas and Las Vegas, but its identity is now steering towards being an institutional Ethereum treasury vehicle. Analysts note that staking infrastructure providers, such as Galaxy Digital and Alluvia, are launching yield-based products tailored for corporate crypto treasuries.

Investor interest appears to reflect a broader shift. Companies with regulatory barriers to direct crypto holdings are gaining exposure by investing in treasury-oriented businesses. That convergence of traditional finance and decentralised assets is central to BitMine’s narrative as it targets more ETH accumulation per share.

Tokyo-listed Metaplanet has bolstered its treasury by buying 797 additional bitcoins, worth approximately $96 million, raising its total holdings to 16,352 BTC—valued near $2 billion—as Bitcoin surged past $120,000. The move mirrors the blueprint of US-based Strategy: leverage equity and debt issuance to accumulate crypto assets, which can then be used as collateral for broader expansion.

CEO Simon Gerovich reiterated that Metaplanet intends to use its growing Bitcoin reserves not for trading or liquidation, but to underpin financing for acquisitions in cash-generating sectors—particularly digital banking and financial services. The company plans to tap into traditional financing channels, including zero-interest bonds and preferred-share issuance, while steering clear of convertible debt. This purchase follows a series of substantial bond financings: earlier this month, Metaplanet issued 30 billion yen in zero‑coupon bonds to acquire an additional 1,005 BTC, bringing total holdings to around 13,350 BTC.

Industry analysts say Metaplanet now ranks as Asia’s largest and the world’s fifth-largest corporate Bitcoin holder, outranking companies such as Tesla, Coinbase, and Block Inc.. The firm has set ambitious targets: 100,000 BTC by end‑2026 and 210,000 BTC by end‑2027—accounting for nearly 1% of the global Bitcoin supply.

Boosted by these strategic shifts, the company’s market capitalisation surpassed ¥1 trillion, and its stock has climbed more than 345% this year. The pivot, originally a hotel chain, to a Bitcoin treasury vehicle began in 2024 and has drawn parallels to MicroStrategy’s transformation into a crypto-centric enterprise.

While bitcoin-backed financing is still in its infancy among mainstream banks, select institutions—such as Standard Chartered and OKX—have begun piloting crypto as collateral. Gerovich emphasised that once accumulation reaches “escape velocity,” Metaplanet’s holdings could be leveraged similarly to traditional assets to secure financing for acquisitions.

Sceptics voice concerns around volatility and the sustainability of the “bitcoin yield” model. Veteran short-seller Jim Chanos dismissed these valuations as “financial gibberish,” yet Gerovich welcomes critics, stating he invites them to short the stock if they are not convinced of the strategy.

Metaplanet is exploring acquisitions of digital banks and financial services companies that align with its strategy. The company is also aiming to strengthen its treasury infrastructure through asset-backed financing, including bond issuances, preferred equity deals and a planned $5 billion capital raise targeting expansion into its Florida subsidiary.

Bitcoin surged past $118,000 this week, driven by booming ETF inflows and institutional adoption. Bitwise Asset Management’s CIO Matt Hougan forecasted that the leading cryptocurrency could reach $200,000 by year‑end, citing intensified demand and structural momentum.

Industry momentum is underpinned by record ETF inflows. As of Thursday, bitcoin exchange‑traded funds saw $1.18 billion of daily inflows, with total net inflows in 2025 reaching approximately $51 billion. Hougan emphasises that this flood of investment—coupled with restricted supply—is driving a new price discovery phase for BTC. BlackRock’s IBIT, the fastest‑growing spot ETF in history, exceeded $80 billion AUM shortly after its launch.

On‑chain metrics bolster the institutional narrative. Marta technical analyst Katie Stockton of Fairlead Strategies identified a cup‑and‑handle pattern following the breakout above $111,000, projecting a potential climb to around $134,500—an upside of nearly 14 percent from current levels. Additional evidence of a short‑squeeze emerged: over $1 billion in short positions were liquidated within 24 hours as bitcoin surpassed $118,000.

Corporate treasury adoption continues apace. Firms beyond MicroStrategy are increasingly allocating bitcoin holdings. Q2 saw a 23 percent surge in corporate bitcoin ownership, reaching approximately 847,000 coins. Alongside MicroStrategy’s substantial position, companies like GameStop and Figma initiated purchases, with Sequans Communications acquiring 370 coins. This trend reflects a deepening conviction in bitcoin’s strategic value amid macroeconomic uncertainty.

Political developments have also shaped sentiment. The U. S. Senate approved the GENIUS Act in June, defining regulatory frameworks for stablecoins and crypto platforms. Congressional discussions continue on the CLARITY Act and the Anti‑CBDC Surveillance State Act. Meanwhile, an executive order issued on 6 March 2025 established a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, mandating government retention of forfeited bitcoin and signalling federal endorsement.

Global macro conditions are another tailwind. Federal debt expansion and a weaker dollar, driven by U. S. fiscal policy and potential monetary easing, reinforce bitcoin’s appeal as an inflation hedge. Hougan argues that supply limitations combined with persistent ETF and corporate demand create a compelling bull case.

Closer analysis reveals technical resilience. Support now lies around previous resistance levels—between $108,300 and $112,000. BTC’s consolidation above these benchmarks, paired with strong volume and bullish MACD readings, suggests sustained momentum.

Analysts from Citi, Hashdex, and Kraken echo the bullish tone. Citi describes bitcoin’s behaviour as akin to a physical commodity and part of a diversified risk-on portfolio. Trade Nation’s David Morrison attributes the uptick to widespread investor appetite for risk, while Kraken’s Thomas Perfumo ties the rally to strength in US equities and cascading liquidation of short positions.

Ethereum and other altcoins are not left behind: Ethereum surpassed $3,040 this week, buoyed by its own ETF inflows, while Solana hit $167 driven by increasing trading volume. However, bitcoin remains the primary focus, reflecting its entrenched role in institutional strategies.

Matt Hougan’s forecast of $200,000 rests on three pillars: ETF demand, corporate accumulation, and constrained supply. “Bitcoin is no longer a speculative asset,” he stated; “It’s now a cornerstone in institutional portfolios. This trend is just beginning”. Even if volatility persists, the convergence of demand-side forces underscores a paradigm shift in how bitcoin is perceived by policymakers and capital allocators alike.

Bitcoin held in exchange wallets has plunged to levels not seen in years, data from Coinglass and Glassnode indicate, underlining a shift towards long‑term holding and tightening liquidity.

According to Coinglass, total Bitcoin reserves across centralised exchanges have fallen to approximately 2.07 million BTC, marking a fresh low measured in this multi‑year timeframe. Glassnode data confirms that exchange-held Bitcoin as a percentage of total supply has dipped below 15%—a level unseen since 2018.

The depletion has been rapid: Coinglass reports that around 65,000 BTC exited major exchanges last week, pushing exchange balances down to near record lows. CryptoQuant analysis shows hot OTC reserves have also shrunk to roughly 146,000 BTC—declining from 480,000 BTC in September 2021—signalling broader supply erosion across both exchange and OTC channels.

Market analysts interpret these metrics as evidence of sustained accumulation by both retail and institutional investors. Transfers to cold storage and self‑custody wallets are rising sharply, coinciding with surging inflows to spot Bitcoin exchange‑traded funds since early 2024. Long‑standing holders and whales appear to be shifting their assets off‑platform, leading to what many describe as a looming supply shock.

This supply constriction factors into Bitcoin’s recent upside, where the price has rallied above the US $100,000 threshold and briefly touched US $110,000. Reduced available supply on exchanges dampens immediate selling pressure, while rising demand—particularly from ETF vehicles—supports upward momentum. Sentiment indicators reinforce this stance: CryptoQuant notes more than 85% of Bitcoin holders are in profit, suggesting limited incentive to sell.

Institutional trends underpin the narrative. Major asset managers such as BlackRock and Fidelity are funneling substantial reserves into ETF custody, moving assets off‑exchange and altering the liquidity dynamic. Corporates including MicroStrategy continue on‑chain accumulation as part of treasury strategies, while some national financial bodies are exploring Bitcoin holdings.

Analysts warn, however, that reduced float may lead to heightened volatility. A supply shock typically amplifies price moves—up and down—with heavy liquidations already observed: Coinglass data shows US $203 million of Bitcoin short positions were liquidated in under 24 hours during the brief rally above US $110,000. At the same time, positive global factors such as easing US–China trade tensions and expectations of interest‑rate cuts are adding fuel to risk assets, including Bitcoin.

Examining the wider picture, the halving event of April 2024, which halved block rewards to 3.125 BTC, continues to weigh on supply dynamics. With new issuance curtailed and existing supply migrating into private custody, on‑chain metrics show persistent outflows from exchanges. CryptoQuant’s Fund Flow Ratio also points to historic levels of “hodling” behaviour.

Whale activity mirrors the shift. Over the past month, Coinglass recorded withdrawals totalling more than 56,000 BTC from centralised exchanges. At the same time, metrics from CryptoQuant show centralised exchange reserves falling by roughly 550,000 BTC since mid‑2024, tightening the supply significantly.

While most analysts interpret the current balance trends as bullish, some caution is warranted. If investor sentiment reverses or macro‑economic shocks trigger rapid sell‑off, the thin on‑exchange liquidity could exacerbate price swings. Still, the dominant view frames the phenomenon as a structural supply retraction, particularly intensified by institutional demand.

UAE authorities have categorically dismissed claims that cryptocurrency investors can secure a 10‑year golden residency visa, stating that such privileges are reserved for specific sectors such as real-estate investors, entrepreneurs, top-tier talents, scientists, specialists, leading students and graduates, humanitarian pioneers and frontline workers.

In a joint statement, the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Port Security, the Securities and Commodities Authority and the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority made clear that no visa pathway exists based solely on digital asset investment. The clarification, issued in response to social media promotions tied to TON coin staking, noted that licensed companies dealing in virtual assets must follow standard visa procedures set by Dubai authorities—contradicting any assertion of automatic long-term residency for such investors.

The declaration emphasised that golden residencies, formally known as “golden visas,” are awarded selectively. Eligible recipients include individuals contributing significantly through real-estate acquisition, entrepreneurship, exceptional professional or academic achievements, humanitarian efforts, scientific innovation and frontline services. Digital asset holders, including those with TON coin, are not part of this framework.

VARA underscored that any licensed firm engaged in virtual assets must adhere strictly to visa regulations approved by Dubai’s government. The authority explicitly stated that TON is not among the licensed virtual asset service providers regulated by VARA—which serves as a reminder that third-party programme claims cannot confer regulatory endorsement or visa rights.

Market reactions were swift. TON’s market value dropped roughly 6% after the regulators’ denial, reversing an earlier 10% rally sparked by reports suggesting that staking over $100,000 of the cryptocurrency for three years would qualify investors for golden residency. The dip reflects investor recalibration, as participants digest the official position.

Crypto-focused platforms including Cointelegraph and CryptoBriefing reported that the golden visa narrative around TON did not originate from UAE government entities, but from promotional efforts tied to TON itself or affiliates. Such promotions framed virtual-asset investments as viable residency routes, a stance regulators assert is misleading.

Historically, the UAE has granted golden visas to boost innovation and long-term commitment within its economic ecosystem. Introduced in 2019, the visa allows extended residency ranging from five to ten years for designated groups, including investors, researchers, medical professionals, outstanding students, frontline responders and humanitarian workers. The UAE’s focus has been on attracting tangible economic and social capital—not speculative virtual-asset portfolios.

The political economy of the golden visa scheme underscores the government’s desire to diversify its talent pool while retaining high-calibre individuals. Notably, real-estate investors must typically commit AED 2 million or more, and entrepreneurs require projects valued at least AED 500,000, alongside approved incubator backing. There is no parallel threshold for cryptocurrency holdings.

VARA’s clarification additionally served as a broader caution to the public, urging consumers to engage only with fully licensed and regulated entities in the virtual-asset space. This aligns with the authority’s ongoing efforts to mitigate risk, prevent fraud, and ensure compliance within the rapidly evolving crypto sector.

Legal analysts note that agencies like ICP, SCA and VARA carry statutory authority over immigration, securities and virtual asset regulation, respectively—a strong indicator that their joint statement holds legal weight. Any company or platform claiming otherwise could face regulatory investigation for misleading representations.

Industry experts praised the clarity of the communication, saying it helps dispel misconceptions among investors attracted by sensational claims. “Regulation must keep pace with innovation,” commented one Dubai-based compliance specialist. “But investors also bear responsibility to verify claims, particularly when residency and investment are involved.”

Within the wider crypto ecosystem, this development is neither isolated nor unexpected. Regulators across jurisdictions have increasingly emphasised that digital-asset holdings alone rarely guarantee immigration benefits. The UAE’s decisive response may serve as a model for governments balancing openness to innovation with prudence in immigration policy.

Moving forward, observers will watch closely whether the UAE institutes any formal framework for crypto-linked residency benefits. VARA and SCA have previously launched licensing regimes for exchanges and service providers, hinting at a broader regulatory ecosystem under development. However, until there is explicit policy inclusion, golden visa eligibility remains restricted to well-defined categories.

Legal scholars suggest that should UAE authorities wish to incorporate virtual-asset investment into residency policy, formal amendments would need to be tabled via corporate regulations and immigration law. Meanwhile, the current guidelines offer clear instruction: digital asset investment, regardless of size, is not sufficient to obtain a golden residency in the UAE.

Brazil has enacted sweeping tax reforms, imposing a 17.5% flat levy on all cryptocurrency capital gains from 12 June 2025 under Provisional Measure 1303. This marks a stark shift from the former progressive system with a monthly exemption, now replaced by a single rate that applies to any crypto profit—trade, swap, DeFi yield, NFT sale—even via offshore exchanges or self-custody wallets.

Casual traders previously exempted on gains up to R$35,000 per month will now face taxation. A modest R$30,000 profit previously carried a zero burden; today, the same yield triggers a R$5,250 tax under the uniform rate. Medium-scale investors face a slight rise from the previous 15%, while the wealthy—who once paid up to 22.5%—now benefit from reduced liability.

The reform extends the tax net to assets held outside Brazil or in private wallets: all gains, regardless of custody location, fall under the 17.5% rule. Gains from decentralised finance activities, staking rewards, NFT transactions and token swaps are subject to the same flat regime.

Capital gains must now be reported and paid quarterly. Taxpayers may carry forward losses for up to five prior quarters—a benefit that will be curtailed in 2026 under proposed legal adjustments.

The reform’s scope is broader than crypto. Fixed‑income investments previously exempt—such as LCIs, LCAs, CRIs and CRAs—will now face a 5% tax on earnings. Meanwhile, gross revenue from online betting will be taxed at 18%, rising from 12% this coming October.

Brazil’s decision mirrors its wider fiscal strategy. With the nation’s overall tax-to-GDP ratio peaking above 32% in 2024, the government seems intent on widening the tax base and closing enforcement gaps. By bringing offshore holdings and DeFi into scope, authorities signal enhanced oversight and a tightening grip on previously opaque financial flows.

Advocates highlight the new system’s simplicity. A flat rate streamlines compliance, eliminating thresholds and multiple brackets, potentially reducing disputes and administrative complexity. Critics argue it disproportionately affects small investors and gig‑economy earners, who lose prior exemptions with little recourse.

Financial institutions and crypto‑focused service providers are preparing advisory tools to assist taxpayers with new obligations. Tax‑tracking platforms, accounting software and professional guidance are expected to surge in demand as individuals and small enterprises strive for compliance.

Looking ahead, the government plans to reduce the loss carry‑forward period in 2026 and explore pilot schemes to permit up to 50% of salaries to be paid in cryptocurrencies, particularly for remote work and contractors. Some fintech firms are already eyeing the change, examining crypto payroll and treasury integration.

Investors and citizen‑taxpayers must now track all crypto movements—onshore and offshore, centralised or decentralised. Each taxable event requires precise record‑keeping of acquisition cost, sale value, platform or exchange used, and timing. Errors or omissions could trigger penalties, including fines and interest charges.

Brazil’s audit agency intends to intensify scrutiny using on‑chain analytics, cross‑referencing declarations with blockchain records. Collaboration with international tax authorities may further bolster enforcement capacity.

The flat 17.5% tax places Brazil in a middling position globally—higher than zero‑tax jurisdictions like the UAE and Switzerland, but considerably lower than India’s 30% flat or Japan’s top marginal rates exceeding 50%.

Court filings in the Chapter 11 case for collapsed exchange FTX suggest that users in 49 jurisdictions may see their claims disputed or denied over local crypto restrictions. A filing submitted on 2 July to the Delaware bankruptcy court outlines a new “hold‑and‑review” process, halting distributions to users in areas with bans on crypto trading or restrictions on offshore platforms.

FTX’s trustee, along with legal counsel, will evaluate whether paying out creditors in these jurisdictions violates local laws. Notices will then be issued to affected users, granting them at least 45 days to challenge their classification. Absent a timely response, claims and any accrued interest will be forfeited to the estate.

Although users in these 49 jurisdictions represent just 5% of approved claims, the financial exposure is heavily weighted. Over 82% of that total value originates from mainland China. China accounts for the vast majority of claims in what FTX labels “potentially restricted jurisdictions”. Advocates warn that most Chinese claimants may not recover any funds.

FTX’s court motion says it will seek legal opinions for each jurisdiction before approving any payout. If counsel concludes local law prohibits the disbursement, those claims will be formally challenged. The legal framework treats such claims as “disputed,” pending approval or denial of their status. Distributions will be suspended until those claims are resolved.

Affected users must submit sworn statements confirming acceptance of US court jurisdiction to pursue objections. Upon objection, the trustee will petition the court to determine if exclusion is justified. Lack of objection will result in automatic forfeiture.

The list of 49 jurisdictions includes not only China, but also countries such as Nigeria, Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, Fiji and Zimbabwe. That breadth reflects the wide global footprint of FTX prior to its collapse.

Chinese users have responded with alarm, exploring legal avenues in the US. One affected claimant, identified as “Will,” told media that though the crypto ban in mainland China prevents trading, holdings remain legal and ownership rights should entitle them to fiat reimbursement in US dollars. He has engaged a New York attorney to counter FTX’s position on wire transfers and jurisdictional exclusion.

Some creditors are studying whether to transfer or sell their claims through entities in compliant jurisdictions, though it remains unclear whether such mechanisms will resolve legal barriers.

FTX Recovery Trust reported an overall decline in disputed claims—from US $6.5 billion to US $4.6 billion—after approving $1.8 billion in claims and expecting another $2.7 billion to be cleared. Approved claim distributions have reached approximately $8.3 billion. This new policy specifically targets the subset linked to restricted jurs, leaving billions in limbo.

Legal experts suggest the court’s decision could set precedent for how bankruptcy courts manage cross‑border crypto claims when local compliance is at risk. FTX is therefore seeking judicial approval to formalise this tailored procedure.

Critics argue the move undermines proportional equity. Victims from major markets like China, Nigeria and Egypt, who collectively hold substantial unrationalised stakes, now face potential complete exclusion. These developments raise concerns about transparency and fairness in the global recovery process.

FTX’s reorganisation plan approved in October 2024 allows repayment of up to US $16.5 billion to customers. It prioritises accounts holding US $50,000 or less under the terms of the Chapter 11 order, but regional legal hurdles may override the general scheme.

Trustee Sunil Kavuri summarised that each claim will proceed only with a supportive local legal opinion. If the opinion concludes a payout contravenes domestic laws, the claim will be formally disputed and may be permanently disallowed.

BlackRock Inc is reportedly engaged in discussions with Saudi Aramco over the future ownership of its stake in the leasing rights of a major natural gas pipeline network. The asset manager, which entered the arrangement in 2021, acquired the rights as part of a $15.5 billion lease-and-leaseback agreement. Sources close to the matter indicate BlackRock now values its position at several billion dollars and is considering divesting the stake back to the state oil major.

In 2021, BlackRock joined a consortium to purchase a 49 per cent interest in an entity known as Aramco Gas Pipelines Co under a lease-and-leaseback deal, financing the project with bridge loans and later issuing bonds to refinance the structure. The network comprises critical infrastructure integral to Saudi Arabia’s petroleum operations, serving both domestic consumption and export logistics.

Financial analysts highlight that BlackRock’s move represents a shift in strategy for pipeline investments. As bond markets recover from turbulence and the global energy transition reshapes demand, investors are recalibrating their exposure to long-cycle fossil fuel assets. One advisor noted that BlackRock will “weigh other options if discussions don’t lead to agreement,” indicating the firm might pursue third‑party sales or stake dilution.

Saudi Aramco’s interest in regaining full control aligns with its broader strategy of asset consolidation. Reacquiring the lease rights would enhance its operational sovereignty and reduce dependency on external partners in a sector that underpins national energy security. Aramco’s share in regional indices has already seen modest gains, supported by optimism over non-oil growth; the company itself has been trading up by around 0.9 per cent in recent sessions.

The bonds issued by the consortium in 2024—worth $3 billion across tranches due in 2036 and 2042—were aimed at refinancing initial acquisition debts. Demand for those bonds was robust, with subscription levels significantly exceeding issuance. BlackRock’s majority ownership of Greensaif Pipelines Bidco grants it leverage in shaping any transaction, whether through direct sale or restructuring of lease terms.

Market observers note that BlackRock’s pivot may be driven as much by strategic repositioning as by financial calculation. With global pressure building on climate policy and energy transition commitments, large institutional investors are under increasing scrutiny over holdings tied to fossil fuel extraction and transport. Divesting from pipeline leases allows BlackRock to reallocate capital to renewable infrastructure or alternative energy real estate, while still preserving long-term client relationships.

However, the sale would mark a significant return on investment. The original acquisition and bond refinancing positioned BlackRock to gain from stable, long-duration lease revenues pegged to volume throughput. Exiting now at a multi-billion-dollar valuation ensures a profitable wind-down of exposure while the asset remains robust. Some of the stakeholders in the consortium may view this as a precedent for handling similar assets in other jurisdictions.

Observers anticipate a negotiation process extending into the next quarter, with both parties likely to focus on valuation frameworks, lease renewal terms, and host‑country regulatory approvals. Any agreement may set a template for future transactions between global asset managers and sovereign energy entities, particularly in the Gulf region. While details of the discussions are confidential, the size and strategic nature of the pipeline network suggest that a deal could shift later this year.

Investment flows in the Middle East have showed renewed strength. Saudi and Emirati stock markets climbed this week, powered by stronger service-sector indices and easing of global trade tensions. Against this backdrop, Aramco’s potential repurchase aligns with sovereign objectives to consolidate energy assets in the hands of national champions.

Should talks falter, analysts predict BlackRock may explore secondary-market sales to other infrastructure investors, or retain partial control under renegotiated terms. A phased exit or continued minority stake is also plausible, contingent on pricing, return targets, and geopolitical sensitivities.

The Securities and Exchange Commission has placed a hold on Grayscale’s bid to convert its Digital Large Cap Fund into a spot exchange‑traded fund, pending review by the full Commission. The stoppage comes despite staff-level approval and a delegated‑authority green light issued on 1 July for the fund’s listing on NYSE Arca.

With around $755 million in assets, GDLC is heavily weighted towards Bitcoin, with additional holdings in Ethereum, Solana, Ripple, and Cardano. The proposed spot ETF would have been the first U.S. regulated multi‑crypto fund, broadening exposure beyond single‑asset offerings approved earlier.

The SEC’s Acting Division of Trading and Markets approved the listing via delegated authority under Rule 19b‑4. However, under Rule 431, any commissioner can request review—and at least one did on 2 July, triggering an automatic stay of the approval. The Commission has not stated which member requested the review nor provided a timeline for resolving it.

Market analysts suggest the pause may reflect the SEC’s intent to finalise a regulatory framework for spot crypto ETFs—especially products holding assets under unresolved legal status like Solana, XRP, and Cardano—prior to the launch of diversified digital‑asset vehicles. Bloomberg ETF specialist James Seyffart opined that the Commission may be preparing formal listing standards under the 19b‑4 rule before further layered launches.

Grayscale has been converting several trusts into ETFs to close price inefficiencies and align fund prices with net asset value. GDLC tracks CoinDesk’s CoinDesk 5 Index and was trading over-the-counter since 2019. The product had been expected to bring greater liquidity and lower premiums typical of Grayscale trusts.

Financial observers warn that the hold introduces uncertainty for Grayscale, NYSE Arca and other issuers—including Bitwise and Franklin Templeton—who have filed for multi‑asset crypto ETFs and await regulatory clarity. The SEC’s prior approvals for Bitcoin and Ethereum‑only spot ETFs in January and July 2024, respectively, signal cautious acceptance for those assets—but the inclusion of altcoins poses new legal and risk considerations.

Key regulatory questions remain unresolved: the treatment of tokens with ongoing litigation, safeguards against market manipulation, valuation transparency, and asset custody protocols. Rule 431 empowers commissioners to review staff‑level delegations and, once invoked, mandates a suspension of the approval—until the Commission issues a resolution.

Bit Digital has raised a total of $162.9 million through an underwritten public share offering, signalling its strategic pivot from Bitcoin mining into building a substantial Ethereum treasury. Underwriters fully exercised their over‑allotment option on 1 July 2025, expanding the issuance to 86.25 million ordinary shares and boosting net proceeds to the disclosed sum.

The capital infusion positions the Nasdaq‑listed miner to sharply reduce its focus on Bitcoin operations and allocate the funds towards acquiring Ethereum—a shift that aligns with broader trends among institutional investors favouring Ether. The company already manages 24,434 ETH, valued at approximately $59.8 million, and plans to convert around 417.6 BTC—worth roughly $44.9 million—into ETH, further bolstering its holdings.

Bit Digital’s decision emerges at a pivotal moment for Ethereum, which continues to draw momentum from its network upgrades and growing appeal in decentralised finance and staking arenas. Industry analysts interpret this move as institutional endorsement of Ethereum’s utility and long‑term integrity.

The offering was executed under a shelf registration declared effective on 20 June 2025, with B. Riley Securities acting as sole bookrunner and Clear Street, Craig‑Hallum, and Northland Capital Markets serving as co‑managers.

This marked exit from Bitcoin mining investments reflects a growing recognition of proof‑of‑stake ecosystems, such as Ethereum’s, as lower‑carbon and increasingly profitable ventures relative to energy‑intensive Bitcoin operations. Bit Digital’s move mirrors strategic shifts by other firms seeking to diversify within the crypto landscape.

By converting a significant portion of its Bitcoin holdings into Ethereum, the company is betting on the upside potential of ETH staking rewards. Ethereum’s transition to proof‑of‑stake has positioned it as a credible alternative revenue stream for firms with digital asset treasuries, moving beyond merely holding and mining cryptocurrencies.

The structural implications for investors are multifaceted. While diluting existing shareholders through the share issuance, the company now holds a stronger, more liquid position in Ethereum. Analysts suggest that institutional confidence in Ether is rising, as evidenced by the flurry of allocations into ETH‑focused treasuries, staking projects, and exchange‑traded funds.

Investor reactions have been mixed. Some view the dilution as manageable given the scale of capital and the clear strategic direction. Others question how successfully Bit Digital will deploy its ETH assets, including whether it will stake holdings and manage risk across its newly acquired portfolio.

Industry observers emphasise that successful execution will require transparent operation of staking protocols, disciplined treasury management, and risk mitigation strategies to protect against Ether’s price volatility. Questions also remain over how quickly the BTC-to-ETH conversion will be completed and whether the Ethereum market can absorb such large inflows without destabilising prices.

Bit Digital’s acquisition comes on the heels of growing institutional inflows into Ethereum, including predictions of multi‑billion dollar inflows into ETH‑based ETFs in 2025, suggesting a wave of mainstream financial participation.

Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund posted a 60 per cent plunge in net profit for 2024, even as its assets surpassed the US $1 trillion mark, the fund disclosed on 30 June. The drop came amid persistent high interest rates, inflationary pressures, and a wave of impairments tied to escalated costs and shifting operational plans.

Net income dwindled to 25.8 billion riyals, down sharply from 64.4 billion riyals in the prior year. This contrast underscored the divergence between headline growth and bottom‑line volatility within Saudi Arabia’s principal engine for economic diversification.

Assets under management rose by 18 per cent to 4.321 trillion riyals, up from 3.664 trillion riyals in 2023. The surge came largely from fresh capital injections, including transfers from oil‑linked revenues, plus appreciation in existing holdings, particularly in domestic champions such as Saudi Aramco and Saudi National Bank.

Yet, comprehensive income—an accounting measure that factors in unrealised gains and asset revaluations—tipped into negative territory, registering a 140 billion riyals loss following a gain of 138.1 billion riyals the previous year. The swing reflected deep writedowns, tied to project revaluations across the PIF’s footprint.

Monica Malik, chief economist at Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, attributed the downturn in part to recalibration of investment strategies. She highlighted how “prioritisation of some projects and the extension in the timelines of some giga projects could have been a factor for the impairments,” and pointed to rising costs as another pressure point.

Among these giga‑projects is NEOM, an ambitious urban megacity on Saudi’s Red Sea coast. Backed by hundreds of billions of dollars in PIF funding, NEOM remains central to the fund’s strategy, though its scale and timeline have been under increased scrutiny amid cost inflation and changing economic dynamics.

Cash reserves stood firm at 316 billion riyals, while group loans edged up to 570 billion riyals, signalling ongoing borrowing to propel expansions. This reflects PIF’s dual posture: aggressive investment on one hand, and debt financing on the other.

Historically, PIF has been pivotal to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 programme—Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s blueprint to reduce national dependence on oil by building world‑class tourism, tech and renewable sectors. Since 2015, the fund’s remit expanded from passive equity holdings to sovereign‑directed mega‑investments. By end‑2024, PIF had amassed over US $1 trillion in assets, bolstered by successive Aramco asset transfers.

Its investment portfolio spans global holdings—Uber, Boeing, Disney—and domestic ventures like Qiddiya, the Red Sea luxury resort and NEOM. The fund also pursued high‑profile investments, including planned stakes in Heathrow Airport and European hotel chains. Overseeing this expansion has drawn both political and governance scrutiny, reflecting complex trade‑offs under Saudi rules.

Despite today’s profit contraction, the growth in assets cements the fund’s scale and influence. Dividends from Aramco and SNB now fuel a substantial portion of PIF’s recurring income, augmenting returns from non‑oil investments.

The portfolio writedowns—particularly impairments linked to escalated project outlays—underline broader macroeconomic challenges. High global interest rates have upped the cost of capital for long‑gestating developments, while inflation has pushed construction, labour and materials costs upward. PIF’s balance sheet has borne both pressures.

Operating amid this headwind, the fund has begun recalibrating timelines and reprioritising capital deployment. Malik’s comments suggest PIF faces a complex balancing act: stewarding mega‑projects while preserving fiscal discipline. Illiquidity risk, rising debt and market exposure also feature in ongoing risk assessments.

In parallel, PIF is broadening its footprint via bond issuances and global partnerships. According to finance industry disclosures, it is preparing a seven‑year sukuk targeting US $1.25 billion in proceeds. Such moves signal evolving financing strategies that complement traditional government funding and cash reserves.

Central to this outlook is Vision 2030. Despite the profit slump, PIF retains its mandate to catalyse non‑oil economic sectors, from tourism to tech to renewable energy. Arab regional peers have pursued similar diversification, but few match PIF’s scale. The fund’s willingness to shoulder large‑scale writedowns may reflect long‑term thinking: strategic build‑out today, stabilised returns in future decades.

Global investors and markets will likely watch upcoming quarterly and full‑year data for signs of recovery or further calibrations. Rising global interest rates remain a wildcard. Additionally, cost overruns in mega‑projects may prompt sharper scrutiny and public debate about deliverables.

PIF’s holding company, chaired by the Crown Prince, retains political backing, but governance observers continue to emphasise improved transparency and oversight. The fund’s decisions now carry wider implications: not just for returns, but as a barometer for Saudi Arabia’s Long‑Term economic strategy.