News related to
Ardi

Laos has unveiled an ambitious plan to transform itself into a central hub for gold trading and refining in Asia by 2030, spearheaded by the Lao Bullion Bank . This initiative aims to bolster the nation’s financial stability and elevate its standing in the global precious metals market.

At a strategic meeting held on 2 May, LBB’s Chief Executive Officer, Chanthone Sitthixay, detailed the bank’s vision to establish Laos as a leader in the precious metals sector. The plan encompasses the development of comprehensive gold trading platforms, refining capabilities, and secure storage solutions, aligning with international standards to attract both regional and global investors.

The Lao Bullion Bank, officially launched in December 2024, represents a significant step in the country’s economic strategy. The bank’s establishment is a collaborative effort between the Lao government and PTL Holding, with the government holding a 25% stake and PTL Holding owning the remaining 75%. This partnership underscores a commitment to enhancing the nation’s gold reserves and stabilising the local currency, the Kip.

Since its inception, LBB has introduced various services, including gold deposit accounts, loans backed by gold collateral, and gold vending machines. These offerings aim to integrate gold more deeply into the financial system, providing citizens with alternative investment options and contributing to economic resilience.

To strengthen its position in the regional market, LBB has entered into strategic partnerships with key industry players. In October 2024, the bank signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Singapore Bullion Market Association , focusing on knowledge exchange and regulatory collaboration to enhance Laos’s bullion market infrastructure. Additionally, a partnership with StoneX APAC was established to leverage technological expertise and develop new financial products tailored to the precious metals sector.

In March 2025, LBB further expanded its network by partnering with Samlane Jewelry, a prominent local gold retailer. This collaboration aims to standardise gold trading practices within the country and facilitate smoother transactions for investors and consumers. As part of this initiative, a promotional campaign was launched, offering incentives to customers who deposit gold with the bank, thereby encouraging public participation in the formal gold market.

The bank’s efforts are also directed towards refining unmined gold ores, transforming them into valuable assets that can contribute to the national budget and reserves. By doing so, Laos seeks to maximise the value derived from its natural resources, ensuring sustainable economic growth and financial independence.

LBB’s establishment and its subsequent initiatives reflect a broader governmental strategy to integrate Laos more fully into the global financial system. By positioning itself as a central player in the precious metals market, Laos aims to attract foreign investment, enhance its economic stability, and offer its citizens diversified financial services.

The United Arab Emirates has called upon India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and prioritise diplomatic engagement following a surge in cross-border hostilities that has heightened fears of a broader conflict in South Asia.

Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the UAE’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, issued a statement on Wednesday urging both nations to avoid further escalation that could jeopardise regional and international peace. He emphasised that diplomacy and dialogue remain the most effective means of resolving crises peacefully and achieving shared aspirations for stability and prosperity.

The appeal comes in the wake of India’s missile strikes targeting nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, reportedly aimed at militant infrastructure linked to the April 22 attack in Indian-administered Kashmir that killed 26 tourists. India’s Defence Ministry stated that the strikes were focused, measured, and non-escalatory, asserting that no Pakistani military facilities were targeted. However, Pakistan reported that the attacks resulted in at least 19 casualties, including women and children, and damaged several mosques and a medical clinic.

In retaliation, Pakistan claimed to have shot down five Indian fighter jets and launched strikes into Indian-administered Kashmir, reportedly killing three people. The heightened conflict has led to school closures, disrupted international flights, and drawn global concern, with calls for restraint from China, the United Nations, and U.S. leaders.

Sheikh Abdullah’s statement underscores the UAE’s commitment to supporting initiatives aimed at peaceful conflict resolution and mitigating humanitarian consequences. He stressed the importance of heeding voices calling for dialogue and mutual understanding to prevent military escalation and strengthen stability in South Asia.

The UAE has a history of mediating in regional conflicts and has previously facilitated exchanges between conflicting parties. Its call for restraint reflects a broader international consensus urging India and Pakistan to de-escalate tensions and engage in constructive dialogue to resolve their longstanding disputes.

Florida’s legislative session concluded on May 2 without advancing two significant cryptocurrency investment bills, HB 487 and SB 550, effectively halting the state’s consideration of allocating public funds into Bitcoin. Both measures were indefinitely postponed and withdrawn from further deliberation, marking a notable pause in Florida’s exploration of digital asset integration into state financial strategies.

The proposed legislation aimed to authorize the state’s Chief Financial Officer to invest up to 10% of select public funds, including the General Revenue Fund and the Florida Retirement System, into Bitcoin and other digital assets. Proponents, such as Senator Joe Gruters and Representative Webster Barnaby, argued that such investments could serve as a hedge against inflation and diversify the state’s portfolio. They cited the growing institutional acceptance of Bitcoin by firms like BlackRock and Fidelity as indicative of its potential stability and value.

However, the bills faced substantial opposition from financial experts and lawmakers concerned about the volatility and regulatory uncertainties surrounding cryptocurrencies. Critics highlighted the risks of exposing public funds to an asset class known for significant price fluctuations and potential security vulnerabilities. They emphasized the responsibility of safeguarding taxpayer money through more traditional and proven investment avenues.

The failure of HB 487 and SB 550 reflects a broader hesitancy among U.S. states to embrace cryptocurrency investments for public funds. While some states have explored similar proposals, many have encountered resistance due to the inherent risks and lack of comprehensive regulatory frameworks governing digital assets. Florida’s decision underscores the challenges policymakers face in balancing innovation with fiscal responsibility.

Gautam Adani’s conglomerate has suspended discussions with Israel’s Tower Semiconductor regarding a proposed $10 billion semiconductor manufacturing facility in Maharashtra, citing strategic and commercial uncertainties.

The project, approved by Maharashtra’s state government in September, aimed to produce 80,000 wafers per month and create approximately 5,000 jobs. It was envisioned as a significant step towards bolstering India’s semiconductor industry under the national ‘Make in India’ initiative.

According to individuals familiar with the matter, Adani Group’s internal evaluation raised concerns about the project’s viability, particularly regarding domestic demand for semiconductors. One source noted that the group questioned whether the Indian market could absorb the output, given its nascent stage in semiconductor consumption. UBS estimates indicate that India accounts for only 6.5% of global semiconductor demand, in contrast to the combined 54% share held by the United States and China.

Financial considerations also influenced the decision. While Tower Semiconductor was expected to provide technological expertise, Adani Group reportedly sought a more substantial financial commitment from its partner. A source indicated that Adani desired Tower to have “more skin in the game” financially, beyond its role as a technology provider.

The Instagram accounts of several high-profile Pakistani actors, including Hania Aamir and Mahira Khan, have been blocked in India, igniting a wave of speculation regarding the reasons behind the sudden move. The affected profiles, which boasted millions of followers, are now inaccessible to users across the border, while others, like Fawad Khan and the Pasoori singers Ali Sethi and Shae Gill, remain unaffected.

This action has raised questions about the influence of geopolitics on social media platforms, with many linking it to the ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan. The rationale behind the selective restriction of some accounts while allowing others to remain online has fueled debate about whether these moves are politically motivated or driven by different factors.

Reports suggest that the blocking of certain accounts, including those of Aamir and Khan, is likely connected to the complex political dynamics between the two nations. While both actors enjoy immense popularity in India, their affiliations with Pakistan have led to their profiles becoming targets amid heightened nationalist sentiments. The decision to block their accounts, however, has sparked an outcry from fans and industry insiders alike, with many expressing their concerns over the restrictions imposed on artists who have long been cultural icons.

Interestingly, despite the suspension of several profiles, some accounts, like those of Fawad Khan, Ali Sethi, and Shae Gill, continue to operate without hindrance. These artists have not faced similar restrictions, which has prompted some to speculate that Instagram’s decisions may not solely be influenced by national political relations but also by other internal policies or even the specific content shared by the users involved.

Fawad Khan, known for his roles in popular Indian television dramas, has remained an important figure in cross-border entertainment, particularly after the success of his shows and films in India. Despite the political challenges faced by the entertainment industry, Khan continues to maintain a strong fanbase in both countries. Similarly, the Pasoori track, which gained significant traction on global music platforms, has kept Ali Sethi and Shae Gill in the spotlight, with their Instagram accounts still accessible in India.

The differing treatment of these celebrities has led to further confusion, as critics point to the selective nature of the blocks. Some observers argue that it may not be a coincidence that the artists who still have access to their social media accounts tend to be those with a more neutral or apolitical public image. For instance, Fawad Khan’s involvement in humanitarian causes, and Sethi and Gill’s focus on music rather than overtly political statements, could have played a role in their profiles escaping the restrictions.

Social media platforms like Instagram have increasingly become an arena for diplomatic and political clashes. Over the past few years, the divide between India and Pakistan, exacerbated by conflicts and tensions over various issues, has had a marked impact on the entertainment industry. Artists from both sides of the border, especially those who have gained recognition in India or Pakistan, have faced scrutiny or even censorship, depending on the prevailing political climate.

This trend, however, has also highlighted the growing influence of digital platforms in shaping public opinion. As people increasingly turn to social media to connect with celebrities, access entertainment, and share opinions, the role of platforms like Instagram in regulating content has come under scrutiny. Critics argue that blocking accounts of artists could have broader implications, affecting the cultural exchange and soft power that both India and Pakistan have historically shared through film, music, and television.

India and Pakistan have a long history of cultural exchange, with artists from both countries enjoying success across the border. Pakistani dramas, films, and music have found a loyal audience in India, while Bollywood actors and singers have been embraced by fans in Pakistan. These cross-border collaborations have often been seen as a bridge between the two countries, offering a form of soft diplomacy that transcends politics. However, the rise of nationalist sentiments in both nations has led to growing restrictions on such collaborations, particularly in the wake of the 2016 Uri attack and subsequent tensions between the two governments.

With the blockage of these Instagram accounts, many are questioning whether the entertainment industry is being used as a tool for political statements, and whether the social media restrictions are an extension of these sentiments. The selective blocking of celebrity accounts could potentially signal the prioritisation of nationalistic policies over the freedom of expression, as the state’s influence over digital platforms grows.

The broader impact of these social media restrictions on the entertainment industry remains to be seen. For artists who have built their careers through online platforms, such as Instagram, the sudden loss of access to millions of followers in a major market like India is a blow to their brand and reach. The effect on their career prospects in India may be significant, as the platform serves as a primary means of communication with fans, especially during the promotional phases of their work.

Ripple’s attempt to acquire stablecoin issuer Circle for up to $5 billion has been declined, with the offer deemed insufficient by Circle’s leadership. The proposed acquisition, reported by Bloomberg, was intended to strengthen Ripple’s position in the stablecoin market, where its own RLUSD holds a comparatively modest market capitalisation of approximately $317 million. In contrast, Circle’s USDC boasts a market cap exceeding $60 billion, underscoring the significant disparity between the two entities.

The bid surfaced shortly after Circle filed for an initial public offering in early April, signalling its ambition to become a publicly traded company. Sources familiar with the matter indicate that Circle is prioritising its IPO plans and views the acquisition offer as undervaluing its market potential. Given the timing and Circle’s strategic direction, the rejection of Ripple’s bid aligns with its focus on independent growth through public listing.

Ripple, known for its XRP token and blockchain-based payment solutions, has not ruled out the possibility of revisiting the acquisition. However, no definitive decision has been made regarding a subsequent offer. The company has been actively expanding its portfolio, including the recent acquisition of prime brokerage firm Hidden Road for approximately $1.25 billion, aiming to enhance its infrastructure and service offerings in the digital asset space.

Mastercard has moved to expand its digital asset footprint by unveiling a stablecoin-powered global payment system that aims to bridge traditional finance with blockchain technology. The initiative incorporates wallet integration, card issuance, merchant settlement, and on-chain remittances, signalling a major endorsement for stablecoins within mainstream financial services.

The payments giant will partner with OKX to launch the OKX Card, offering users the ability to spend crypto assets seamlessly through Mastercard’s established infrastructure. The collaboration is positioned to provide cardholders with the option to convert their digital holdings into fiat currency at the point of sale, utilising USDC stablecoins to facilitate transactions in real time.

Mastercard’s broader collaboration also includes Circle, Nuvei, and Paxos, three key players in the stablecoin and blockchain space. The strategy centres on enabling direct merchant settlement using stablecoins, starting with USDC. The move is expected to accelerate merchant acceptance of digital currencies by eliminating the need for fiat conversions and complex intermediary processes.

Raj Dhamodharan, Mastercard’s head of crypto and blockchain, stated that the company is building a “future-proof” payments ecosystem that integrates digital assets responsibly and securely. He emphasised that Mastercard’s framework would ensure compliance with existing regulations and uphold strong consumer protection measures while offering the benefits of blockchain efficiencies.

By embedding stablecoins into payment rails, Mastercard is seeking to address long-standing challenges that have limited wider adoption of digital currencies, including volatility, liquidity management, and interoperability between financial systems. Stablecoins, which are typically pegged to fiat currencies like the US dollar, offer price stability that traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin do not, making them more suitable for everyday transactions.

The OKX Card is expected to launch initially in select markets, with expansion plans to follow based on regulatory approvals and market demand. OKX’s president Hong Fang described the partnership as a “game-changer” that will “empower millions to experience the future of payments today.” The card will allow users to link their crypto wallets directly and spend their digital assets without the need to manually convert them into fiat beforehand.

Mastercard’s collaboration with Circle is particularly noteworthy as Circle’s USDC stablecoin is widely regarded for its regulatory compliance and transparency. Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire welcomed the partnership, highlighting that direct merchant settlement in USDC would reduce transaction costs, enhance speed, and provide greater transparency across payment processes.

Nuvei and Paxos will contribute to strengthening the backend settlement capabilities. Nuvei, a global payment technology firm, brings extensive experience in integrating alternative payment methods for merchants, while Paxos, a regulated blockchain infrastructure platform, provides trusted stablecoin issuance and custody solutions.

This new framework comes at a time when global financial institutions are increasingly exploring digital currencies. The Bank for International Settlements reported an upsurge in central bank digital currency projects globally, with a growing focus on how stablecoins and blockchain could complement traditional payment systems rather than disrupt them.

Mastercard has been experimenting with blockchain and digital assets for several years, conducting pilot programmes with various crypto companies and financial institutions. The company’s partnership with the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre on a central bank digital currency pilot was another key step illustrating its commitment to innovating responsibly within the space.

Mastercard’s stablecoin settlement model follows a successful pilot in Australia, where live transactions using USDC and Mastercard’s network proved the technical viability and regulatory feasibility of using stablecoins for real-world transactions. The pilot included collaboration with Cuscal and Mintable, showcasing the ability to settle card transactions directly on blockchain networks.

Through these developments, Mastercard appears to be positioning itself as a leader among traditional financial service providers seeking to integrate blockchain into their core offerings. This approach not only supports digital asset adoption but also builds bridges between traditional payment providers and emerging decentralised finance ecosystems.

Industry analysts note that Mastercard’s entry into stablecoin-powered payments could force other major payment processors to accelerate their blockchain strategies. Visa, which has been running its own stablecoin settlement pilots, will likely view Mastercard’s moves as a call to action to deepen its blockchain integration efforts to remain competitive.

There are challenges ahead, particularly regarding regulatory clarity. Stablecoins have come under increasing scrutiny from regulators concerned about financial stability, money laundering, and consumer protection risks. Mastercard has indicated that its stablecoin programme will operate within regulated frameworks, ensuring that only stablecoins backed by transparent and compliant reserves are included.

The initiative also highlights growing merchant interest in accepting digital currencies without bearing volatility risks. Direct stablecoin settlement allows merchants to receive payment in a stable asset without relying on third-party crypto-to-fiat conversion services, streamlining operations and reducing costs.

As stablecoins continue to evolve beyond speculative assets into functional financial tools, Mastercard’s system reflects an understanding that digital currencies must serve real-world use cases to achieve mainstream adoption. The company’s ability to integrate stablecoin technology with traditional card networks could significantly alter how digital assets are used in daily commerce.

Mastercard’s latest announcement also underlines a broader industry shift toward interoperability. By supporting transactions across multiple blockchain networks and integrating with different stablecoin issuers, Mastercard aims to create a unified ecosystem where users, merchants, and financial institutions can interact seamlessly across both traditional and digital finance landscapes.

Tether’s tokenised gold product, XAU₮, has reached a major milestone with over 7.7 tonnes of physical gold now backing the asset, pushing its market capitalisation to $770 million as of 28 April 2025. This development marks a significant expansion of Tether’s portfolio beyond its flagship stablecoin USDT and highlights growing investor interest in digital assets secured by tangible commodities.

XAU₮, which represents ownership of one troy ounce of gold held in Swiss vaults, has seen steady accumulation over the past year amid fluctuating economic conditions and shifting investor sentiment towards inflation-resistant assets. According to market data, the token’s supply growth has mirrored increasing demand for alternative stores of value as concerns around fiat currency stability and geopolitical tensions continue to drive diversification strategies.

Tether’s disclosure that XAU₮ is now underpinned by more than 7.7 metric tonnes of physical gold signals strengthened efforts by the company to reinforce confidence in its tokenisation products. Analysts observing this trend note that digital gold products have carved a distinct niche, combining the traditional appeal of precious metals with the technological advantages of blockchain systems, including faster settlement times and greater accessibility for a global investor base.

Paolo Ardoino, CEO of Tether, stated that the surge in XAU₮’s backing reflects broader demand for hybrid assets that bridge the gap between conventional wealth preservation tools and new digital financial infrastructure. He added that Tether remains committed to transparency and robust management practices as it expands its product suite.

Since its launch, XAU₮ has distinguished itself by providing a clear legal structure for ownership claims over specific gold bars, with serial numbers and weight details disclosed through regular attestations. This level of verification has been crucial in appealing to institutional participants who require clear regulatory and custodial assurances before engaging with tokenised assets.

The achievement of a $770 million market cap also places XAU₮ among the most substantial gold-backed cryptocurrencies in circulation, competing with platforms like Paxos Gold and Perth Mint Gold Token . However, Tether’s strong brand presence and expansive network have given XAU₮ a competitive edge in terms of liquidity and market penetration.

Gold itself has continued to perform as a relatively stable asset amid volatile equity markets, stubborn inflation in key economies, and unpredictable monetary policy shifts. As of late April, gold prices hovered around $2,350 per ounce, with analysts forecasting further strength if macroeconomic uncertainty persists. This backdrop has reinforced the appeal of tokenised gold products like XAU₮, especially for investors looking for easily tradable options without the logistical challenges of physical storage.

XAU₮ has also benefited from integration with major exchanges and decentralised finance platforms, allowing users to utilise tokenised gold in broader financial applications such as lending, borrowing, and yield farming. This flexibility contrasts with traditional gold investment avenues, which typically lack interoperability with modern financial tools.

Institutional interest has played a critical role in the token’s growth trajectory. Asset managers, family offices, and corporate treasuries have increasingly explored tokenised commodities as a way to diversify their holdings while maintaining exposure to traditional safe havens. The ability to transfer ownership efficiently and transparently across jurisdictions has further bolstered the attractiveness of XAU₮.

Tether has continually faced scrutiny over its reserve management practices, particularly regarding USDT. However, the company’s detailed disclosures regarding XAU₮’s physical gold reserves appear to have mitigated similar concerns for this product. Regular attestations by third-party auditors have provided additional layers of reassurance to stakeholders wary of opaque reserve practices.

The evolving regulatory environment for stablecoins and tokenised assets may also influence the trajectory of products like XAU₮. Jurisdictions such as the European Union, the United Arab Emirates, and Singapore have introduced or are in the process of finalising frameworks aimed at ensuring greater oversight and consumer protection within the digital asset space. These regulations are expected to encourage higher standards of reporting and reserve management among issuers, benefiting products that already maintain rigorous transparency protocols.

Market participants have observed that gold tokenisation is emerging as a sector with strong fundamentals, particularly as broader adoption of blockchain technology reshapes traditional financial services. XAU₮’s growth demonstrates that tokenisation is not limited to speculative assets but can extend to historically conservative sectors such as commodities.

While challenges remain — including regulatory uncertainty, technological security risks, and the need for robust custodial solutions — the success of Tether’s XAU₮ underscores a maturing digital asset market increasingly focused on quality, transparency, and tangible backing. Observers suggest that continued institutional adoption and technological advancements could position tokenised gold as a staple component of diversified digital portfolios.

Marks & Spencer faced a significant digital disruption that impacted its click-and-collect services and in-store contactless payments, raising fresh concerns about cyber vulnerabilities across the global retail landscape. The incident underlined the increasing exposure of retail giants to cybersecurity threats, urging businesses, especially across emerging markets, to reevaluate their digital defences.

The British retailer confirmed that a cyberattack had interfered with its operational systems, temporarily disabling key customer services. Shoppers were unable to collect online orders or make contactless payments across several outlets, forcing stores to rely on manual processing where possible. Though Marks & Spencer worked swiftly to restore functionality, the attack exposed glaring weaknesses that could have far-reaching implications for retailers heavily dependent on digital infrastructure.

Cybersecurity analysts described the attack as a “wake-up call” for retailers worldwide, emphasising that operational continuity can no longer be taken for granted. While Marks & Spencer managed to contain the damage and reported no compromise of customer data, the event demonstrated how even non-financial hacking attempts could paralyse critical retail functions. The attack appears to have targeted internal systems rather than consumer databases, but the operational disruption caused significant inconvenience to customers and operational stress on store teams.

The UK-based company has yet to disclose specific details regarding the nature of the cyberattack or the group responsible, although preliminary assessments suggest the involvement of sophisticated malware designed to penetrate commercial transaction systems. Cybersecurity experts point out that retail chains are increasingly becoming attractive targets for cybercriminals seeking either financial ransom or operational chaos, with attackers focusing not only on stealing data but on interrupting services to exert pressure.

The disruption at Marks & Spencer also resonates strongly across global retail markets, particularly in countries like India, where digitalisation has accelerated dramatically over the past decade. Retail operations across the country are embracing online ordering, contactless payments, and digital inventory systems at an unprecedented pace. Yet the investments in cybersecurity have not always kept pace with the technological expansion, leaving significant vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors.

Industry experts warn that India’s retail sector, in its rush to modernise, must prioritise building robust cyber resilience strategies. The cyberattack on Marks & Spencer serves as a stark reminder that operational security is as critical as data protection. Retailers must not only guard customer information but ensure that their core business functions can withstand digital assaults without crippling their ability to serve consumers.

Retailers in India, from large conglomerates to smaller regional chains, have increasingly relied on digital payment platforms and integrated online-to-offline models. However, security audits and penetration testing, critical components of cyber defence, are often treated as secondary concerns. The focus on speed and growth has sometimes eclipsed the need for thorough cybersecurity frameworks, an oversight that experts say could prove costly if not urgently addressed.

The disruption of click-and-collect services at Marks & Spencer also illustrates the interconnectedness of digital and physical retail operations. When digital systems falter, physical stores quickly become vulnerable, as manual fallback options are seldom equipped to handle high volumes. In densely populated and high-transaction retail environments such as those in India, the consequences of a similar disruption could be even more severe, with longer downtimes and greater financial losses.

Cybersecurity firms have consistently highlighted retail as one of the sectors most at risk from targeted cyberattacks, given the volume of personal and financial data handled daily. However, incidents like the one affecting Marks & Spencer show that the objective of cybercriminals is shifting. Operational disruption can have as much reputational and financial impact as a data breach, if not more, by immediately affecting customer trust and satisfaction.

Amid evolving threats, there is growing advocacy for a shift towards cyber resilience rather than simple cyber defence. Cyber resilience focuses on building systems capable of absorbing and recovering from attacks without significant interruption to business activities. Experts suggest that this model is more suitable for modern retail, where zero-downtime expectations dominate consumer behaviour.

Leading cybersecurity professionals recommend that retailers invest in dynamic risk assessments, employee training, multi-layered security architectures, and incident response simulations. Retailers must also rethink their supply chain security, ensuring that third-party vendors do not become weak links in their cyber resilience strategy. Given the interconnectedness of suppliers, logistics, and payment partners in retail ecosystems, an attack on one entity can have cascading effects.

While Marks & Spencer’s swift response minimised some of the long-term reputational damage, the event highlights the importance of transparent communication during cyber incidents. Customers expect prompt updates, clear explanations, and assurances regarding the safety of their data and the reliability of services. Retailers that are prepared with crisis communication plans are better equipped to navigate the aftermath of cyberattacks without lasting damage to their brand reputation.

The disruption also underscores the urgent need for regulatory frameworks to catch up with the changing nature of cyber risks. Governments and industry bodies must work together to establish clear guidelines on cybersecurity requirements, reporting obligations, and liability frameworks. Without coordinated efforts, fragmented standards could leave critical vulnerabilities unaddressed, allowing attackers to exploit regulatory gaps.