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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is planning a massive infrastructure push to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2060, with a significant portion of financing expected to come from the private sector. Investment Minister Khalid Al-Falih, speaking at the MOMENTUM2025 Development Finance Conference in Riyadh, projected that infrastructure investments could reach up to $1 trillion over the medium term, with private capital accounting for around 40 per cent — equivalent to $400-500 billion.

Al-Falih outlined that this influx of investment will be channelled across diverse programmes: privatisation schemes, energy infrastructure under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy, and major initiatives led by key domestic players such as ACWA Power and Saudi Aramco, including expansion of blue hydrogen production and global marketing. The minister emphasised that the push reflects the Kingdom’s evolving infrastructure and energy strategy — aligning economic diversification under Saudi Vision 2030 with climate-related commitments.

Officials at the conference stressed that the investment liquidity will flow through multiple channels. Besides large-scale energy and infrastructure projects, capital will also support expansion in sustainable tourism, desalination plants, airport and logistics development, and logistics hubs, boosting sectors beyond oil and traditional energy. This drive is underpinned by a broader green finance framework recently introduced by domestic regulators, including the issuance of green bonds and the creation of a domestic carbon-credit market under Tadawul.

Despite the ambitious plan, some observers remain cautious. Independent analysts — such as those at the Climate Action Tracker — rate the Kingdom’s net-zero pledge for 2060 as “poor”, noting that the target lacks legal codification and fails to clarify which greenhouse gases or sectors are included. They underline that while domestic investments in renewables, carbon capture and clean hydrogen are growing, the lack of a comprehensive emissions-reduction pathway — especially regarding export-related emissions — leaves a significant portion of emissions unaddressed.

Al-Falih acknowledged the challenges but framed the plan as a transformation rather than a short-term campaign. He pointed out that the Kingdom has already exceeded some Paris Agreement-linked targets, and underlined an energy mix strategy aiming for 50 per cent of electricity generation through renewables by 2030, supplemented by high-efficiency gas turbines and storage technologies to ensure reliability.

As global demand for energy continues to rise — driven in part by rapid advances in artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure — Riyadh’s roadmap envisages that growing energy needs will dovetail with sustainable investment in infrastructure, industrial transformation and green-energy exports.

Strong momentum around sustainability and policy alignment set the tone as Automechanika Dubai opened its three-day run at the Dubai World Trade Centre, drawing widespread attention to how manufacturers, regulators, and technology providers are coordinating strategies to future-proof the region’s automotive aftermarket. Organisers underscored that the exhibition, recognised as the Middle East’s largest platform for aftermarket products and services, has become a focal point for dialogue on efficiency standards, emissions reduction, and supply-chain innovation across Gulf markets.

Delegates arriving for the opening day reported a clear emphasis on accelerating collaboration between public agencies and private-sector operators, an approach that exhibitors said is critical as the sector adapts to shifts in fuel technologies, mobility patterns, and environmental expectations. The message was reinforced by senior officials highlighting ongoing government programmes supporting advanced manufacturing, electric-vehicle servicing capabilities, and circular-economy models designed to reduce waste in parts and materials. Industry leaders noted that the presence of policy representatives at the show indicated growing institutional commitment to standardising quality benchmarks for components traded across regional markets.

The exhibition floor featured a broad cross-section of global and regional suppliers, including established parts manufacturers, diagnostics specialists, and emerging technology firms developing AI-enabled maintenance platforms. Several company executives pointed to the UAE’s long-term industrial strategy and its targets for cleaner transport as a source of demand for new product lines, especially in electric-vehicle battery servicing, thermal-management systems, and lightweight components. Some suppliers said the regulatory clarity provided by ongoing transport-sector initiatives has encouraged them to scale up investment in test facilities and distribution hubs across the Gulf.

A surge in visitor numbers compared with earlier editions reflected strong commercial interest from trading companies, fleet operators, and workshop networks seeking to position themselves for the next phase of regional mobility growth. Market analysts attending the exhibition commented that the Gulf’s rising vehicle parc, coupled with rapid urbanisation, continues to underpin demand for quality replacement parts and advanced repair technologies. They added that Dubai’s role as a re-export centre gives Automechanika Dubai outsized influence in shaping product pipelines bound for Africa, South Asia, and parts of Europe.

Exhibitors specialising in sustainability solutions drew particular attention on the opening day. Firms showcasing refurbished components, remanufactured engines, and eco-friendly consumables signalled that demand for lower-impact products is gaining traction across workshop networks. Several companies highlighted investments in closed-loop systems that reduce the environmental footprint of tyres, lubricants, and metal parts. Executives from diagnostics and telematics providers described how predictive-maintenance tools are helping fleet operators extend vehicle life cycles, improving both cost efficiency and emissions outcomes.

Government participation reinforced the event’s focus on regulatory evolution. Transport and industrial-development officials presented updates on national frameworks aimed at improving automotive-aftermarket oversight, including certification programmes, workshop accreditation standards, and traceability requirements to curb counterfeit parts. Trade-facilitation agencies outlined digital-customs initiatives designed to streamline the movement of genuine components through regional ports, an issue flagged repeatedly by manufacturers seeking more secure and transparent supply chains.

Technology demonstrations formed another prominent attraction. Autonomous-inspection systems, connected workshop tools, and advanced calibration equipment drew steady crowds as exhibitors explained how digital solutions can address labour shortages and support skills development. Training centres affiliated with several global brands used the event to highlight upskilling programmes for technicians preparing to service electric and hybrid vehicles. Senior trainers said the shift towards high-voltage systems requires updated curricula and investments in safety infrastructure, emphasising that workforce readiness remains a central pillar of regional mobility planning.

Executives from multinational suppliers said the show’s first day underscored the strategic importance of Dubai as a testing ground for new automotive-aftermarket models. They noted that regulatory predictability, strong logistics infrastructure, and sustained government interest in industrial diversification have combined to create favourable conditions for technology adoption. Some pointed to collaborations with Gulf-based research institutions developing materials science, battery-repair techniques, and advanced fluid technologies, suggesting that locally rooted innovation has begun to influence global supply chains.

Fleet-management firms attending the event highlighted the operational impact of sustainability mandates, stressing that cleaner fleets are no longer viewed solely through an environmental lens but as a commercial imperative shaped by fuel-efficiency metrics and customer expectations. Executives said digital-fleet platforms now integrate emissions tracking, automated maintenance scheduling, and component-health monitoring, trends that align with broader mobility transformations occurring across the Gulf.

YouTube has moved to strengthen its presence in the UAE’s digital health landscape by developing programmes that place licensed medical professionals at the forefront of its educational content, signalling a determined push to make verified advice more accessible across the platform. The company’s strategy targets growing demand for trustworthy health information online, as concerns over misinformation continue to shape global discussions around digital media governance.

Executives overseeing the initiative said the platform aims to build a space where users can reliably distinguish expert-led guidance from unverified commentary, a challenge amplified by the scale and diversity of YouTube’s audience. The expansion forms part of a wider effort to elevate authoritative creators working in fields where accuracy is critical, particularly as the Gulf region deepens its investment in digital transformation of public services, including healthcare, teleconsultation and patient education tools.

YouTube’s managing teams have pointed to the UAE as a priority market due to its strong uptake of digital services, rapid population growth and the increasing role of online platforms in shaping consumer behaviour. Company representatives noted that the health programme supports licensed doctors and specialists in producing explanatory content on topics ranging from chronic disease management to preventative care, with a focus on clarity and cultural relevance. The aim is to ensure that users searching for guidance on everyday health queries encounter information grounded in established medical understanding.

The regional rollout also follows the platform’s broader global commitment to responsible content curation, which includes labelling health sources, collaborating with regulatory bodies and strengthening partnerships with hospitals and academic institutions. Executives highlighted that user trust depends not only on removing harmful material but also on amplifying credible voices. This shift reflects wider trends across major technology firms, which are under increasing pressure to address misinformation while supporting creators who offer value through expertise.

During discussions about the programme, YouTube’s leadership emphasised that the future of digital platforms lies in empowering diverse creator communities. A senior executive cited the example of a Dutch knitting creator whose channel grew from a small personal project into a global community hub, illustrating how storytelling and authenticity can generate engagement across borders. The reference underscored the platform’s belief that healthcare content, too, should be driven by relatable human narratives, not only clinical explanations.

Doctors participating in the UAE initiative have described the programme as a chance to reach audiences who might hesitate to seek medical advice through traditional channels. Specialists working in fields such as cardiology, paediatrics and mental health say that video content enables them to clarify misconceptions, guide viewers toward evidence-based treatment options and encourage early intervention. Several practitioners have noted that the platform provides a unique opportunity to communicate complex issues in a visually engaging format, which can support better understanding among younger users.

Market analysts observing YouTube’s strategy say the platform’s focus aligns with the UAE’s national priorities, particularly its long-term digital health agenda. Authorities across the Gulf have invested in AI-enabled diagnostics, electronic health records and telemedicine infrastructure, creating a parallel demand for trusted educational material that helps residents navigate an evolving healthcare environment. Analysts also point to the competitive landscape, where global platforms are working to differentiate themselves through credible content partnerships.

The company’s decision to bring more clinical professionals onto the platform reflects research showing that users often rely on video explanations when confronted with health queries. Executives acknowledge that this behaviour carries both opportunities and risks, as misinformation can spread rapidly when content appears authoritative. To address this, YouTube has been refining its ranking systems to elevate licensed practitioners and institutions, ensuring visibility for creators whose credentials and communication standards have been verified.

Creators involved in the new initiative have stressed the responsibility that accompanies such visibility. Several participants noted that working on the platform requires balancing accessibility with professional rigour, avoiding oversimplification while keeping content digestible for general audiences. These doctors have described the process as an extension of public health education, albeit through a digital medium that demands nuanced storytelling and sensitivity to cultural context.

Abu Dhabi’s transformation into a leading centre for digital asset regulation is gathering global recognition, with legal and financial experts pointing to its advanced regulatory framework and investor-friendly environment as key drivers for growing crypto-sector confidence.

At the sidelines of Abu Dhabi Finance Week, compliance specialist Magdalena Boškić of Swiss firm Kellerhals Carrard declared that the UAE has firmly established itself as a global hub for digital-asset businesses, drawing major international players thanks to robust legislation and transparent licensing regimes. She highlighted the role of regulatory bodies such as the Financial Services Regulatory Authority at Abu Dhabi Global Market, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority in Dubai, the Dubai Financial Services Authority, and the Central Bank of the UAE, describing their collective efforts as among the most advanced globally.

Under the UAE’s multi-jurisdictional model, companies involved in trading, custody, asset-management or tokenisation can select the regulatory framework that matches their business model, offering flexibility without sacrificing oversight. The regime is built on principles like technology neutrality, activity-based licensing and strict compliance with investor-protection standards — features that offer legal clarity and attract institutional as well as retail participation. Boškić noted that this environment has led several prominent Swiss digital-asset banks such as Sygnum and AMINA to expand their presence in the Emirates.

A 2025 ranking by the Global Finance & Technology Network, in collaboration with consultancy Arthur D. Little, placed the UAE alongside jurisdictions such as Switzerland and Singapore among the most advanced globally for crypto regulation. The report credited the UAE for its comprehensive approach to tokenised assets, stablecoins, virtual-asset service providers and other fintech innovations — moving the country from ambition into execution.

Institutional adoption has risen sharply. Data on inflows between mid-2023 and mid-2024 show digital-asset investments of more than US$30 billion — roughly 10 percent of the Middle East and North Africa region’s total — with institutional-sized transfers jumping about 55 percent year-on-year. Simultaneously, retail participation has surged; the number of daily active crypto traders in the UAE has reportedly crossed 500,000, underscoring broad public engagement with digital-asset markets.

Fiscal incentives have added to the appeal. The absence of personal income tax or capital-gains tax, combined with exemptions on value-added tax for trading and conversion of virtual assets, offers one of the most favourable tax regimes globally. These conditions, combined with regulatory clarity, help explain the influx of both specialized crypto firms and traditional financial institutions adapting to digital-asset offerings.

The expansion also includes the tokenisation of real-world assets — such as real estate, aviation and even sovereign bonds — indicating that the UAE’s digital-asset market is evolving beyond speculative cryptocurrency trading into structured financial instruments. This opens pathways for sophisticated investors and enterprises seeking to integrate blockchain-based financing or asset-tokenisation into mainstream operations.

Still, rapid growth is not without risks. Observers caution that heightened crypto activity brings exposure to money laundering, unregulated peer-to-peer trading, cybersecurity threats and uneven investor protection. Regulators must balance fostering innovation with safeguarding financial integrity.

A milestone for regulatory trust came this week when Binance secured a global licence under the ADGM framework granted by the FSRA. The approval of the world’s largest crypto exchange underlines the UAE’s drive to cement its status as a credible, regulated base for digital-asset operations.

Sui’s token structure is drawing heightened attention as analysts warn that the network’s locked supply and insider concentration could influence market behaviour during the next phase of token distribution. A new assessment suggests that questions around the durability of Sui’s rally persist despite the project’s growing activity in decentralised applications and its positioning as an alternative to high-throughput chains. The concerns have surfaced as market participants look for signals on whether Sui could mirror the type of extended rally seen in Solana during its strong periods of expansion.

Sui’s token model includes a large quantity of locked tokens that are programmed to enter circulation according to a long-term schedule. Data compiled by blockchain monitoring platforms indicates that more than half of the total supply, around 50.57 per cent, remains locked. The release of these tokens is staggered, but analysts note that the size of the locked tranche means the market will continue to grapple with questions about absorption capacity and price impact. A cohort of early backers and core contributors holds about 15.3 per cent of the supply, a figure that has prompted market watchers to examine whether insider allocations could add to selling pressure once vesting windows open.

Developers behind the network emphasise that the emissions framework was designed to support long-term decentralisation and sustainable staking rewards. They argue that the programme aligns incentives for validators, node operators and builders working on the Layer-1 blockchain. However, the scale of the locked supply and the pace at which it is due to unlock have remained central to external evaluations, especially against the backdrop of aggressive capital rotation across digital asset markets.

Sui has promoted itself as a platform capable of handling high transaction throughput through its parallel execution model, distinguishing itself from chains that rely heavily on sequential processing. The project has advocated for its ability to support complex applications, with gaming, asset tokenisation and digital commerce cited as core areas of growth. Activity on the network has picked up over multiple trading cycles, with decentralised exchanges and gaming protocols playing a visible role in boosting usage. Even so, market analysts caution that network adoption alone cannot insulate the token from structural risks tied to large unlocks.

The comparison with Solana has intensified as traders search for the next high-growth ecosystem. Solana’s expansion was driven by rising developer activity, strong venture backing and an improving macro climate for risk assets, elements that contributed to a prolonged appreciation in its token price. Some traders argue that Sui possesses a similar mix of technical ambition and ecosystem investment. Others counter that Solana’s earlier supply dynamics were markedly different, with less pronounced unlocking over short intervals. These observers state that expectations of a parallel trajectory should be tempered until Sui demonstrates a firmer balance between token issuance and organic demand.

Several research desks have highlighted that tokenomics alone do not determine the long-term trajectory of a blockchain project but can exert considerable influence during early growth phases. Analysts tracking the project have pointed to previous unlock waves that resulted in more volatile trading sessions. They note that liquidity conditions matter significantly when large quantities of tokens transition from locked to tradable status, particularly during market downturns. Market participants monitoring derivatives markets also report that funding rates and open interest data reflect cautious positioning around major unlock dates.

The project’s foundation continues to emphasise builder incentives, community grants and ecosystem expansion. Grants directed towards game studios, consumer applications and infrastructure tools have created steady interest among developers seeking alternatives to more congested chains. Daily active accounts and transaction counts have shown periodic spikes, although interpreters of blockchain data stress that differentiating genuine usage from opportunistic activity remains essential when evaluating the long-term strength of an ecosystem.

A decision to withdraw a controversial directive on compulsory smartphone app preinstallation has been taken by the authorities after sustained objections from device makers and technology firms. The policy reversal follows intense debate over whether phone manufacturers should be required to preload the government’s Sanchar Saathi platform, amid concerns about user privacy, operating system integrity and compliance burdens. The shift comes less than two days after reports that Apple had declined to adopt the mandate, setting off a wider industry pushback that accelerated the measure’s rollback.

Officials confirmed that the mandatory installation plan has been shelved, indicating that further consultations will be held before any such directive is reconsidered. The original order sought to ensure that every new smartphone sold in the country carried Sanchar Saathi, a platform designed to help users trace lost devices, block stolen handsets and verify mobile connections. While the tool is already available for voluntary download, stakeholders argued that forcing manufacturers to embed it at the system level risked creating fragmentation across devices, complicating software updates and compromising user choice.

Senior executives from major handset brands expressed relief at the reversal, noting that the directive had introduced uncertainty at a time when the phone market is preparing for a competitive year-end cycle. Apple, which typically restricts preinstalled third-party apps to maintain strict control over its ecosystem, had reportedly conveyed through official channels that compliance would conflict with long-standing platform policies. That position highlighted the technical complexities of enforcing a uniform preinstallation rule across operating systems that function on entirely different architectures. Android phone makers had also raised procedural questions, cautioning that mandatory system additions could require extensive vetting, security reviews and manufacturer-specific testing.

The broader industry reaction underscored concerns about data governance and user rights. Digital rights groups argued that preloading state-linked applications without explicit user consent could set a troubling precedent, even if the stated aim of the app was consumer protection. Cybersecurity specialists added that any software embedded at the system level must undergo rigorous, transparent auditing to prevent vulnerabilities that malicious actors could exploit. They warned that compulsory integration could expand the attack surface on devices at a time when financial fraud, phone cloning and identity theft cases continue to grow.

Officials involved in policymaking acknowledged that the industry’s logistical and legal objections played a decisive role in halting the order. They said the withdrawal would allow departments to reassess the technical feasibility of the measure and examine alternative ways to boost the adoption of Sanchar Saathi without imposing new conditions on manufacturers. The platform, launched by the Department of Telecommunications, has gained traction through voluntary use, particularly for blocking stolen phones via the Central Equipment Identity Register. Policymakers are studying whether awareness campaigns, improved onboarding flows and coordination with telecom operators could enhance user uptake more effectively than preinstallation.

Market analysts described the reversal as a pragmatic move aimed at preventing friction between the government and global technology firms, particularly at a time when the country’s digital manufacturing ambitions remain in focus. Apple, which has expanded iPhone assembly through local partners, is seen as a critical participant in that strategy. Analysts said any regulatory action that appears to conflict with its operating standards risks diluting investment momentum. They added that Android manufacturers, many of whom operate extensive local supply chains, would also have faced significant re-engineering work to align with the directive.

Industry groups emphasised that while supporting consumer safety initiatives, they prefer interventions that preserve user autonomy and maintain consistent software governance standards. Stakeholders reiterated that preinstallation mandates, unless narrowly tailored and transparently justified, can lead to compatibility issues and unintended consequences across a diverse device ecosystem. They also highlighted that global smartphone markets increasingly recognise the importance of limiting bloatware and avoiding compulsory system-level apps that cannot be removed by users.

Taiwan’s financial authorities have confirmed that the territory is preparing to introduce its first regulated stablecoin by the second half of 2026, marking a significant step in its oversight of digital assets. The move establishes a formal framework for issuers and signals a wider effort to balance financial innovation with stricter consumer safeguards.

The Financial Supervisory Commission said the project aims to create a compliant asset-backed token that can operate within a supervised environment. Officials outlined that the proposed model would require issuers to undergo licensing, maintain verifiable reserves and implement robust disclosure rules. The initiative forms part of a broader regulatory roadmap that includes enhanced governance standards for exchanges and custodians, supplemented by anti-money laundering protocols already legislated in earlier phases of Taiwan’s digital asset oversight.

Taiwan has seen increased retail interest in digital tokens over the past two years, accompanied by concerns about informal trading platforms and fragmented reserve practices. Authorities have been developing clearer definitions around virtual asset providers, following earlier commitments to draft bespoke legislation for the sector. The stablecoin proposal marks the first time regulators have publicly set a target date for a national, fully supervised token that can circulate in mainstream financial channels.

Officials involved in the planning process described the stablecoin framework as an attempt to reduce systemic vulnerabilities that arise from lightly governed instruments. They indicated that the 2026 timeline allows sufficient room for market consultation with local banks, fintech operators and blockchain firms. The authorities emphasised the need for transparency around backing assets, independent audits and liquidity arrangements to prevent redemption shocks during periods of market stress.

Taipei’s policy trajectory mirrors a wider shift across Asia, where governments have begun formalising rules for digital currencies amid concerns about financial stability and technological competitiveness. Japan’s stablecoin regulations came into force earlier, requiring issuers to be banks, trust companies or registered intermediaries. Singapore’s approach has focused on wallet security, reserve segregation and consumer risk warnings. Taiwan’s proposed regime appears to blend elements of both models, adapting them to domestic institutions and supervisory capacities.

Market analysts say the announcement demonstrates how regulators are transitioning from broad guidance to more detailed rule-making. They note that several local financial institutions have shown interest in blockchain-based settlement systems but have lacked the legal certainty required to develop pilot projects. A regulated stablecoin could allow banks to explore tokenised deposits, speed up cross-border payments and reduce settlement backlogs, provided the technology meets stringent compliance standards.

Developers and industry groups argue that clarity around governance will be crucial to gaining public trust. They expect Taiwan’s framework to include ring-fencing of reserves, real-time reporting tools and strong oversight of custodial arrangements. Several blockchain service providers in Taiwan have already contributed to consultation papers, advocating for interoperability with international systems and stronger penalties for misappropriation of client funds.

Policy advisers involved in the consultation say authorities are mindful of global regulatory pressure, as jurisdictions coordinate rules for financial stability and cross-market supervision. They note that Taiwan has studied overseas cases where unbacked or poorly audited stablecoins faced severe liquidity issues, prompting large-scale withdrawals and disruptive price swings. Officials believe a regulated model will help Taiwan avoid similar vulnerabilities and foster safer digital innovation.

Some opposition lawmakers have urged the commission to publish more technical details, particularly regarding the choice of reserve assets, settlement architecture and the criteria required to issue the token. They want clearer rules on redemptions, consumer rights and supervisory intervention during market volatility. Financial regulators responded that these elements remain under review and will be formalised following extended consultation with the private sector.

Industry observers expect the stablecoin to be structured as a fully collateralised token backed by high-quality liquid assets such as government bonds or cash equivalents. This design is intended to minimise counterparty risk and ensure immediate redemption at par value. Regulators are also exploring how to embed cybersecurity requirements and resilience testing into the licensing regime, responding to heightened concerns about digital infrastructure vulnerabilities.

By K Raveendran The steady erosion of trust between political parties and the Election Commission has become one of the more troubling developments in India’s democratic life, revealing an institutional drift that carries implications well beyond a single electoral cycle. The body entrusted with safeguarding the integrity of elections is expected to serve as an […]

The article An Election Commission That Treats Critics As Enemies Has No Place In Democracy appeared first on Latest India news, analysis and reports on Newspack by India Press Agency).

Belgium has rejected a proposal by the European Union to channel frozen Russian assets toward a major financial aid package for Ukraine, dealing a blow to efforts aimed at sustaining Kyiv’s war-time finances. The plan envisioned a €140 billion “reparations loan,” backed by immobilised Russian central-bank reserves held largely in Belgium’s Euroclear, but Belgian leaders argued the risks are too high—legal, financial and reputational.

The opposition centres on statements from Bart De Wever, Belgium’s prime minister, who described the plan as “fundamentally flawed”. He warned that using the frozen assets at this stage could trigger lawsuits, force Belgium to shoulder massive liabilities, and destabilise confidence in the euro. De Wever rejected broad incentives offered by the European Commission and demanded legally binding guarantees from other EU member states before any commitment.

Backing Ukraine with frozen Russian funds had gained traction as European leaders scrambled to meet Kyiv’s projected needs through 2026–2027. Analysts estimate that Ukraine faces a budget shortfall of more than €135 billion over the next two years, with defence expenditures alone ballooning. The EU had considered not just using interest on the frozen assets — which has supported a G7-backed aid programme so far — but deploying the assets themselves as collateral to unlock large-scale funding.

Yet the European Central Bank has refused to provide emergency liquidity for the proposed loan, citing its mandate forbidding direct monetary financing to governments under EU treaties. The refusal undermines the viability of the scheme, especially since liquidity back-stops were meant to reassure markets and protect institutions like Euroclear from sudden liability.

Some EU member states and financial experts contended that employing frozen assets would free up taxpayer money and symbolically re-affirm Europe’s stance that Russia must pay for its aggression. Academics have pointed out how using immobilised reserves could offer Ukraine immediate relief without expanding EU sovereign debt. The Commission is reportedly exploring fallback options, such as joint borrowing backed by the EU budget or bilateral loans, but those alternatives are expected to carry higher costs and slower disbursement timelines.

Opposing countries argue the plan violates property rights, jeopardises investor confidence and could provoke Russian retaliation, both legally and economically. Euroclear itself has warned of potential lawsuits and damage to its reputation as a global securities depository if assets are re-purposed in this way.

With less than three weeks remaining before a planned EU summit, Belgium’s refusal complicates efforts to finalise a unified approach. Brussels appears unlikely to shift position without assurances that risks will be shared evenly — a prospect many member states view as tantamount to signing a blank cheque.