News related to
beyond

Germany’s opposition leader Friedrich Merz has suggested that a long-stalled trade agreement between the European Union and India could be clinched by the end of January, injecting momentum into negotiations that Brussels and New Delhi have struggled to close for more than a decade as global supply chains remain under strain from geopolitical frictions.

Speaking at a policy forum, Friedrich Merz said the bloc and India were “closer than many assume” to resolving key differences, adding that the economic case for a deal had sharpened after prolonged disruptions linked to strategic competition between major powers. His comments come as European manufacturers continue to grapple with uneven access to critical inputs following China’s tightening of export controls on minerals vital for electric vehicles, electronics and defence applications.

Negotiations for an EU–India free trade agreement were relaunched in 2022 after an eight-year hiatus, with both sides aiming to expand trade that exceeded €120 billion in goods and services last year. Officials involved in the talks say progress has been made on tariff reductions and rules governing digital trade, though sensitive areas such as agriculture, labour standards and intellectual property remain contentious. Merz’s remarks underscore a growing sense in Berlin and other capitals that the agreement has moved from a strategic aspiration to an economic necessity.

Germany, Europe’s largest economy, has been among the strongest advocates of diversifying trade ties beyond China, particularly after export controls imposed by Beijing on gallium, germanium and graphite created months of bottlenecks for automotive and renewable energy firms. Those controls, introduced amid the broader U. S.–China trade dispute, highlighted vulnerabilities in Europe’s dependence on a narrow set of suppliers for critical raw materials.

Executives in the auto sector say shortages of battery-grade materials last year forced production adjustments and delayed investment decisions. While some supply has since stabilised, industry groups argue that long-term resilience requires deeper partnerships with alternative producers and manufacturing hubs. India, with its expanding industrial base and policy push to attract foreign investment, has emerged as a central pillar of that strategy.

European officials note that the proposed agreement would not only cut tariffs—currently as high as 60 per cent on some vehicles entering India—but also establish clearer rules for public procurement and data flows. For India, the deal promises greater access to the European market for pharmaceuticals, textiles and IT services, while also encouraging technology transfer and skills development.

Trade analysts caution that closing the pact by late January would require political compromises on both sides. European negotiators have pressed for stronger environmental and labour commitments, while Indian counterparts have sought flexibility to protect small farmers and domestic manufacturers. Still, the geopolitical context is shifting calculations. The European Union has accelerated its “open strategic autonomy” agenda, seeking to balance openness with security of supply, and India has signalled willingness to align more closely with Western economies without abandoning its strategic independence.

Merz’s intervention also reflects domestic pressures within Germany, where exporters are seeking new growth markets as demand in China cools. German industry groups have repeatedly urged policymakers to prioritise agreements with fast-growing economies, arguing that delays risk ceding ground to competitors from East Asia and North America.

The broader backdrop includes intensifying scrutiny of China’s role in global supply chains. Beijing has defended its export controls as legitimate measures to safeguard national security and manage resources, but the ripple effects have reinforced calls in Europe for diversification. The European Commission has already launched initiatives to secure access to lithium, cobalt and rare earths through partnerships in Africa, Latin America and Asia, with India seen as both a market and a manufacturing partner.

Diplomats familiar with the EU–India talks say technical chapters are largely drafted, leaving political decisions to bridge remaining gaps. Any agreement would still need approval from member states and the European Parliament, a process that could extend beyond the negotiating deadline even if a political deal is struck.

Government authorities are moving to compel smartphone manufacturers to submit portions of their operating system source code for mandatory security audits, escalating a standoff with global technology companies that warn such a requirement could undermine intellectual property protections and user privacy. The proposal, under discussion within policy circles in New Delhi, reflects mounting concern about cyber intrusions, supply-chain vulnerabilities and the growing role of mobile devices in payments, governance and national security.

Officials familiar with the matter say the plan would require vendors selling smartphones in the country to make critical software components available for inspection by government-approved laboratories. The focus would be on core operating system layers, firmware and security modules rather than consumer-facing applications. Proponents argue that access to code is essential to verify whether hidden vulnerabilities, backdoors or insecure update mechanisms could be exploited by hostile actors.

The push has brought the government into direct tension with companies such as Apple and Samsung, whose devices dominate the premium and mass-market segments. Executives and industry representatives have privately conveyed resistance, arguing that exposing proprietary code, even to auditors bound by confidentiality, creates unacceptable risks of leaks and reverse engineering. They also contend that global platforms already undergo extensive third-party security testing and comply with international standards.

At the heart of the debate is whether national security imperatives justify a departure from prevailing global norms. Countries including China and Russia operate regimes that allow state scrutiny of technology products, though often under opaque processes that foreign firms say are difficult to reconcile with commercial safeguards. Western regulators have largely relied on certification frameworks, vulnerability disclosure programmes and cooperation with vendors rather than direct access to source code. India’s approach, if formalised, would place it closer to the former camp, potentially setting a precedent for other large emerging markets.

Government officials counter that smartphones have become gateways to sensitive data far beyond personal communications. Devices are routinely used for digital identity verification, financial transactions and access to public services. Any systemic weakness could have cascading effects. They also point to a rise in sophisticated cyber operations attributed by security researchers to state-linked groups, arguing that reliance on vendor assurances is no longer sufficient.

The proposal is understood to be steered by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, which has expanded its remit in cybersecurity and digital governance. Policy discussions have examined models ranging from escrow-based code access, where source material is held by a trusted intermediary, to controlled on-site inspections without code being copied. Each option presents trade-offs between assurance and exposure.

Industry bodies warn that mandatory disclosure could chill investment and complicate product launches. Smartphone operating systems are developed on global codebases, updated frequently and protected by layers of licensing agreements with component suppliers. Altering that structure for a single market risks fragmenting development and delaying security patches. There are also concerns about reciprocity: once one jurisdiction demands code access, others may follow, multiplying compliance burdens.

Privacy advocates occupy an ambivalent position. Some support deeper scrutiny to ensure devices do not surreptitiously collect or transmit data. Others caution that state access to low-level software could itself become a vector for abuse if oversight is weak. They stress the need for transparent audit criteria, independent supervision and clear limits on how findings are used.

The commercial stakes are significant. India is one of the world’s largest smartphone markets by volume and a critical manufacturing hub under production-linked incentive schemes. Companies have invested heavily in assembly plants and local supply chains, betting on policy stability. A protracted dispute over code access could influence decisions on future capacity and research investment, even if an outright exit is unlikely.

China’s commerce authorities have set out plans to reinforce the country’s legal and regulatory architecture governing trade, placing export controls and supply-chain risk management at the centre of economic policy for the year ahead. The agenda, outlined by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, reflects Beijing’s determination to shield domestic industries from external shocks while maintaining its position as a pivotal node in global manufacturing and logistics networks.

Officials said the push will focus on tightening the legal framework that underpins foreign trade, improving the design and enforcement of export control mechanisms, and strengthening early-warning systems to guard against disruptions. The ministry described supply-chain resilience as a strategic priority, arguing that legal certainty and predictable controls are essential to sustaining economic stability amid persistent geopolitical tensions and shifting global demand.

Export controls have become a particularly sensitive policy lever for China as advanced technologies, critical minerals and dual-use goods face growing scrutiny worldwide. Over the past two years, Beijing has expanded the scope of its export control regime, introducing licensing requirements and compliance obligations that mirror, in some respects, measures imposed by other major economies. Officials now say further refinement is needed to close loopholes, clarify enforcement standards and ensure that rules are aligned with broader industrial and security objectives.

The commerce ministry’s policy outline also emphasises the need to improve coordination among regulators, customs authorities and law-enforcement agencies. By streamlining oversight and information-sharing, Beijing aims to reduce regulatory fragmentation that businesses have long complained adds cost and uncertainty to cross-border operations. Officials argue that a more coherent system will help enterprises navigate compliance requirements while allowing the state to respond more swiftly to emerging risks.

Legal experts in China note that the emphasis on statutory clarity signals a shift away from ad hoc administrative guidance towards more formalised rules. This approach, they say, could provide companies with clearer expectations, particularly foreign-invested firms that often struggle to interpret policy signals. At the same time, stronger legal backing for export controls may give regulators broader discretion to act when national security concerns are invoked.

The policy direction comes as global supply chains continue to recalibrate. Trade frictions, sanctions regimes and technology restrictions have prompted multinational companies to reassess sourcing strategies, diversify production bases and build redundancy into logistics networks. China, while seeking to retain its manufacturing dominance, has also encouraged domestic firms to reduce exposure to external vulnerabilities by investing in upstream capabilities and alternative markets.

Officials have framed the new priorities as part of a broader effort to balance openness with security. While reaffirming commitments to trade facilitation and market access, the commerce ministry stressed that safeguarding key sectors and technologies remains non-negotiable. This dual emphasis reflects guidance from top leadership that economic policy must serve both development and security goals, a theme repeatedly highlighted in speeches by Xi Jinping.

Industry analysts say the strengthened export control regime is likely to have uneven effects across sectors. Producers of high-tech components, rare earths and advanced materials may face tighter scrutiny, while exporters of consumer goods could see limited direct impact. However, the broader compliance environment may become more demanding, requiring companies to invest in legal expertise, internal controls and supply-chain mapping.

Foreign chambers of commerce in China have previously urged authorities to ensure transparency and proportionality in export control enforcement. Businesses worry that ambiguous rules or retroactive application could disrupt contracts and undermine confidence. The commerce ministry has sought to address these concerns by signalling that legal reforms will be accompanied by clearer guidance and procedural safeguards, though details on implementation timelines remain limited.

Beyond export controls, the policy outline highlights risk prevention across trade finance, logistics and overseas investment. Officials pointed to the need for monitoring mechanisms that can detect stress points early, whether arising from financial volatility, shipping bottlenecks or regulatory changes abroad. Strengthening such systems, they argue, will help Chinese firms adapt more quickly and reduce the likelihood of cascading disruptions.