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Under the new agreements, Chinese manufacturer XCMG will supply up to half of the electric 240-tonne haul truck fleet, with deliveries phased between 2028 and 2030. The remaining trucks will be produced by Liebherr, under an amended version of an earlier deal. The contracts build on an earlier framework signed in 2024 for battery-electric ancillary mining equipment.
XCMG itself refers to the Fortescue order as the largest export order for green mining equipment from China to date. The trucks may include autonomous features and use advanced software, similar to those operating in China’s open-pit mines.
Fortescue is also finalising its full takeover of Nabrawind, a Spanish wind tower and turbine technology company in which it held a minority stake since 2023. With full ownership, Fortescue plans to integrate Nabrawind’s self-lifting tower designs with turbines supplied by Envision Energy, aiming to deploy up to 2.1 GW of installed wind capacity in its Pilbara “East Pilbara generation hub.” The first wind energy is expected online by 2028, pending regulatory approval.

To support its Decarbonisation roadmap, Fortescue has signed supply agreements with several other Chinese clean-tech firms: BYD will supply energy storage systems; LONGi will provide photovoltaic modules; and Envision will deliver turbines and smart energy solutions. Fortescue describes the partnerships as a “multilateral collaboration” to access the best manufacturing capacity globally.
Andrew Forrest, the company’s Executive Chairman, emphasised that China’s ability to scale green technologies rapidly makes it a key partner in Fortescue’s strategy. He remarked that industry should “glue back” international cooperation through practical alliances rather than mere rhetoric. The company also continues to operate its R&D arm, Fortescue Zero, which is tasked with integrating and optimising power systems across its fleet and operations.

However, the pivot towards Chinese suppliers has already prompted adjustments to the Liebherr arrangement. Fortescue has scaled back Liebherr’s role to supplying at minimum half the haul trucks, down from its originally envisaged share, reallocating greater share to XCMG. Analyses suggest the move is intended to diversify risk, ensure supply chain resilience, and meet aggressive deployment timelines.
The decision also appears to reflect broader challenges in the green hydrogen sector: Fortescue has walked away from planned hydrogen projects in Arizona and Queensland, absorbing write-downs, and is now emphasizing electrification and green iron production instead. Internal restructuring and leadership turnover at Fortescue Zero have raised questions about execution, but the company underscores that the new strategy remains intact.

India has engaged with Washington over the U. S. decision to impose a one-time $100,000 fee on new H-1B visa applications, warning that the move threatens the mobility of skilled professionals and could strain bilateral trade ties.

The External Affairs Ministry affirmed it would continue talks with relevant stakeholders in the United States, emphasising that talent exchange has underpinned innovation and growth in both economies. The government noted that the new rule may disproportionately affect Indian nationals, since they constitute a significant share of the H-1B pool.

The White House announced that the fee will apply only to fresh petitions filed from September 21, 2025 onwards, not to renewals or existing visa holders. The administration framed this shift as part of efforts to prevent misuse of the visa system and prioritise higher-wage, high-skilled cases.

India’s reaction underscores deep concerns within its technology sector—many firms rely on U. S. operations staffed via H-1B sponsorship. Analysts estimate that the fee hike could reduce IT margins by 4–13 percent depending on visa intensity, while Indian IT stocks saw steep declines following the announcement.

At the same time, India is navigating friction on trade. U. S. tariffs levied on Indian goods—particularly a 50 percent cumulative duty tied to India’s oil imports from Russia—are already under scrutiny in bilateral talks. Officials assert that the visa and trade issues will be addressed as interconnected elements of the broader U. S.–India partnership.

During meetings on the sidelines of the U. N. General Assembly, India’s Foreign Minister and Commerce Minister held discussions with their U. S. counterparts, reinforcing that continued engagement is essential to manage tensions. The Indian side has also said that relevant domestic departments are evaluating options concerning the impact of the tariffs.

Despite the pushback, some U. S. industry figures support the new fee. Leaders at firms such as Nvidia, OpenAI and Netflix have welcomed the shift as a mechanism to prioritise high-value talent. Others, including JPMorgan’s CEO, have warned it risks driving skilled workers to competing nations. U. S. medical associations are lobbying for exemptions, arguing that the steep cost could impede physician recruitment, particularly in underserved areas.

India’s Finance Ministry has called for heightened monitoring of the economic fallout, citing possible impacts on remittance inflows and service exports. The ministry has described the short term as manageable but warned of long-term risks if the regime remains in place.

Within India’s tech industry, there has been a strategic pivot. Companies have invested over $1 billion in onshore training and hiring in the U. S., reducing dependence on H-1B deployment. Industry bodies argue that this shift could help absorb the shock should visa access tighten further.

Still, experts caution that such mitigation has limits. Smaller firms and startups that depend on cross-border talent mobility may feel the squeeze most acutely. Some analysts suggest that alternative destinations, including Canada, South Korea and the UK, may be more appealing to Indian professionals seeking global opportunities.

BNB has hovered near the $1,000 mark as validators on BNB Chain propose slashing gas fees by 50 per cent and accelerating block confirmation times to strengthen the network’s competitive edge.

The validator community’s draft proposal recommends reducing the minimum gas price from 0.1 Gwei to 0.05 Gwei and cutting block intervals from 750 ms to 450 ms, a change that could bring average transaction costs down to roughly $0.005. The plan reflects an effort to match or outpace low-cost rivals such as Solana and Base, which have been gaining traction in the DeFi and trading sectors.

Trading activity now accounts for about 67 per cent of all BNB Chain transactions — a sharp rise from around 20 per cent earlier in 2025 — underscoring the importance of cost and speed for users and developers. The proposal includes a guiding principle: “as long as staking APY stays above 0.5 per cent, BNB Chain should strive for the lowest possible gas fees.”

Validator groups argue that the network still has significant unused capacity, operating at under 30 per cent utilisation, leaving room for traffic growth without risking congestion. They claim the infrastructure can handle up to three times the current load.

Critics, however, warn that cutting fee revenue so sharply could weaken validator economics, potentially undermining incentives for security and stability. Some community voices stress the need for a careful balance: dramatic cost cuts must not come at the expense of decentralisation or long-term resilience.

This proposal builds on prior gas reductions. In April 2024, gas was cut from 3 Gwei to 1 Gwei, and in May 2025, it was further reduced to 0.1 Gwei. Those moves contributed to a roughly 75 per cent drop in median transaction fees and a jump of 140 per cent in daily transaction volume.

Beyond fees and speed, the proposal is intended to enhance BNB Chain’s positioning in a crowded landscape. As rival chains push for lower latency and micro-costs, BNB’s validator-led initiative signals an attempt to reclaim appeal among traders and protocol builders.

At the closing of the Dubai World Congress for Self-Driving Transport held at the Dubai World Trade Centre, RTA inked four key agreements with Emaar Properties, Al Futtaim Group, and the winners of the 2025 challenge—WeRide and Deutsche Bahn consortium, together with Zelos Technology—to deploy and test autonomous systems in Festival City, Creek Harbour and other strategic urban zones. Al Tayer affirmed that the move aligns with Dubai’s ambition to serve as a global testbed for mobility innovation.

This year’s theme shifts from discrete vehicle-centric competition to a systems-level mandate: entrants will be judged on how well their solutions embed into city-wide networks of sensors, roads, communication links and data platforms. The RTA framework calls for designs that anticipate traffic dynamics, weather variations and public transit interaction, while maintaining safety, resilience and sustainability.

Over 3,000 participants and more than 80 expert speakers participated in the Congress, spanning government, academia and industry. The gathering marked the formal launch of the 2027 edition. The Congress also highlighted Dubai’s strategic goal that by 2030, one quarter of all journeys within the emirate will be autonomous or smart-enabled—an ambition already embedded in the RTA’s transport roadmap.

Stakeholders see this shift as an essential maturation of the challenge format. Rather than focusing only on individual vehicle prototypes, the next competition will test ecosystem coherence and scalability across urban modules. According to industry analysts, the new direction presses participants to align with evolving demands in mobility, where digital and physical layers must fuse.

Dubai’s prior edition in 2025 carried the theme “Dubai Autonomous Transport Zone,” pushing contestants to integrate multiple autonomous mobility modes in defined neighbourhoods. That foundation now gives way to a broader remit, with RTA officials stressing that smart infrastructure is the backbone for reliability and public acceptance of self-driving systems.

The agreements struck with developers and past challenge winners will see pilots in zones like Festival City and Creek Harbour, where road layouts, sensor grids and vehicle operations will be tested side by side. RTA counts on these field deployments to validate technical performance, operational cost and citizen experience before full-scale adoption.

Critics caution that the complexity of integrating diverse systems—communications, edge computing, failsafe control layers—could raise cost, regulatory and interoperability risks. Some stakeholders argue the success of the 2027 challenge will depend on whether entrants can navigate not only technical but institutional challenges across urban agencies and telecommunications providers.

For technology firms and research groups, the new emphasis offers both opportunity and challenge. It rewards proposals able to harmonise hardware, software, data and governance. Observers expect to see consortia spanning telecom operators, municipal agencies, AI firms, and road infrastructure specialists.

By Satyaki Chakraborty The Communist Party of India(CPI) concluded its five day Party Congress at Chandigarh on September 25 reelecting D. Raja as the general secretary of the CPI for another three year term. Raja is the first dalit leader to head the CPI in 2019 after the then party secretary S Sudhakar Reddy sought […]

The article CPI’s 25th Party Congress Elects D Raja As The General Secretary For The Third Time appeared first on Latest India news, analysis and reports on Newspack by India Press Agency).

Abu Dhabi is marketing a three-year and a 10-year US dollar Reg S/144A bond offering, aiming to capitalise on robust investor demand and reinforce its global funding outlook. The three-year tranche is pitched at approximately 40 basis points over US Treasuries, while the longer 10-year issue is offered at around 55 bps.

By mid-morning in Dubai, books had swelled past $10 billion, excluding joint lead manager interest, with slight tilt toward the 10-year line. The bonds will be senior, unsecured and rated AA/AA by S&P and Fitch, matching the issuer’s prevailing Aa2/AA/AA credit standing. Listings are planned in both London and Abu Dhabi.

Investors see this transaction as a test of global appetite for Gulf sovereign credits amid a cautious backdrop of moderate US interest rates and evolving geopolitical risk. Despite volatility in energy prices and external debt markets, Abu Dhabi’s strong fiscal and balance sheet metrics underpin confidence in its sovereign name. The credit ratings assigned reflect the emirate’s resilient fiscal policy, substantial hydrocarbon reserves, and large sovereign wealth fund buffers.

Structurally, the Reg S/144A setup allows the issuer to access both non-US and US institutional investor pools. Regulation S permits offers outside the United States, while Rule 144A enables sales to qualified institutional buyers within the US, offering dual reach while maintaining issuance flexibility. The base offering circular explicitly restricts transfers and resales to be compliant with those regimes.

Observers note that the pricing levels—40 bps for three years and 55 bps for 10 years over Treasuries—are ambitious but not unprecedented within Gulf sovereign borrowing. Prior precedent includes a multi-tranche Abu Dhabi sovereign bond of $5 billion in April 2024, which achieved strong oversubscriptions and favourable pricing benchmarks. That deal underlined investor appetite for Gulf issuers with strong credit credentials.

Market participants closely monitor skew and order distribution between tenors. That the books are marginally skewed toward the 10-year suggests appetite for duration, perhaps reflecting yield scarcity in core markets. Should the order book widen further, the issuer may flex uncertainty concessions or tighten spreads modestly before final pricing. Co-ordinating banks are likely adjusting intermediate guidance as allocations firm.

Analysts flag that appetite for Gulf sovereign issuance is tempered by global headwinds: tighter US credit spreads, sticky inflation, and competition from other supranational and sovereign issuers. Some international investors may demand additional premium for regional or geopolitical exposures. Yet Abu Dhabi’s entry with a dual-tranche issuance signals intent to extend its credit curve, deepen investor relationships, and enhance liquidity in its sovereign bonds.

The listings in London and Abu Dhabi are intended to enhance secondary market trading, improve visibility to European and global investors, and cement Abu Dhabi’s status in global bond markets. The London listing, especially, provides access to a deep pool of international fixed income investors and a regulatory framework well understood by global asset managers.

A high-profile gathering scheduled for 29 September in Singapore will convene health professionals, AI innovators and medtech entrepreneurs to examine the evolving intersection of artificial intelligence and clinical care. Titled CliniConnect: AI X Healthcare SG Edition, the event aims to catalyse collaboration across disciplines and continents.

Organisers say the agenda will include interactive panels, pitch sessions, and roundtable debates focused on real-world adoption of AI in diagnostics, hospital systems, and patient care. They expect participation from clinicians, researchers, startup founders and regulatory stakeholders alike. The event is expected to coincide with TOKEN2049, a major AI & blockchain gathering, offering cross-domain exposure and synergy.

CliniConnect has hosted several prior editions in Singapore and other regional hubs, with past speakers including Dr Adam Chee, founding lead of Singapore’s Centre for AI-Enabled Health. These gatherings have emphasised bridging the gap between algorithm development and clinical deployment, with attention to ethics, data governance and system integration.

One central topic will be how hospitals and health systems can scale AI solutions beyond pilot phase. Many institutions struggle to integrate point-solutions into legacy electronic health records or workflows. Executives and innovation leads at the event will share strategies for deploying AI at scale without fragmenting operations.

Another critical strand will explore trust, explainability and regulatory oversight. While AI is making strides in pathology, radiology and triage, clinicians often resist “black-box” models. Some speakers plan to advocate hybrid approaches combining model outputs with human oversight or modular interpretability frameworks.

Regulatory perspectives are expected to feature heavily. Several jurisdictions are updating medical device rules to account for adaptive algorithms. Singapore’s Health Sciences Authority has begun consultations on AI frameworks, and regional alignment across ASEAN markets remains a challenge. CliniConnect hopes to provide a forum for convergence on standards, data privacy and cross-border validation.

On the entrepreneurship front, medtech startups will pitch innovations aimed at workflow automation, predisposition risk modeling, remote patient monitoring, and imaging augmentation. Organisers have indicated that venture capital and hospital innovation arms will be present, seeking collaborations or early investments.

The event also intends to showcase case studies from institutions that have begun deploying AI in clinical settings. Narratives are expected from hospitals in Singapore, South Korea, India and Dubai on how they piloted decision-support tools, performance-monitoring systems or diagnostic assistants, and the bottlenecks they encountered in scaling. These stories will help attendees assess trade-offs, resource requirements and institutional readiness.

Observers note CliniConnect’s growing ambition: it now brands itself not just as a regional meetup but as a bridge between Asia’s health tech communities and global AI networks. By aligning with TOKEN2049 and leveraging cross-sector partnerships, it hopes to attract more international participants and raise its influence in defining health AI standards.

Luma Protocol, incubated by PopChain and Nivex, officially entered the market on 20 September 2025, positioning itself as a new architecture in decentralized finance that anchors value in computing power rather than speculative token mechanics. At midday UTC+8 the project launched its pre-sale and, within hours, issued the first mining rewards — signalling a shift from purely token-based incentives toward infrastructure-backed models.

The project’s core proposition is that “Hash Power” — the computational capacity underlying blockchains — becomes a tangible, tradeable asset integrated into DeFi systems. Luma’s model seeks to counterbalance what its promoters describe as the unsustainable cycles of token subsidies that have affected prior generations of DeFi protocols. Underpinning the system, Luma plans to merge capital, computational resource markets, and application layers in a closed-loop infrastructure.

PopChain contributes its identity and settlement capabilities, while Nivex offers liquidity, exchange infrastructure, and compliance support. This strategic alignment aims to deliver an ecosystem where value issuance, transaction execution, and mining resource distribution interlock. According to the announcement, the first mining rewards were disbursed at midnight UTC+8, immediately after launching the pre-sale.

Market reaction to the LUMA token has been volatile. On the MEXC exchange, LUMA traded with a 24-hour jump of 26 per cent, reflecting speculative interest. Yet the token’s 7-day price variance is extremely steep, plunging nearly 99.97 per cent over the week, pointing to high risk and low liquidity stability. The circulating supply and full market capitalisation currently remain opaque.

Critics caution that the concept of tokenizing hash power is not without inherent risk. In the realm of blockchain security, high concentration of mining capacity has historically exposed smaller networks to attacks. The accessibility of mining power through services like NiceHash demonstrates how hash power can be rented and concentrated, creating vulnerability, especially for new entrants. At the same time, mainstream DeFi research underscores systemic risks emerging from leverage, protocol interdependence, and opacity in governance.

Luma’s governance architecture is not fully detailed in public documentation, but the model will need to grapple with decentralised decision-making, hardware centralisation, and incentives for fair participation. Without sufficient safeguards, the protocol may face the same challenges of centralisation, collusion, or exploitability that have troubled other DeFi platforms.

For its part, Nivex has been scaling its ecosystem prior to Luma’s debut. It recently launched a Web3 wallet integrated with PopChain, with plans to embed users into a flow from wallet to liquidity operations to settlement. This vertical integration may benefit Luma by driving demand for the infrastructure stack. Nivex also recently listed the POP/USDT trading pair, anchoring the POP ecosystem that underlies PopChain’s social finance ambitions.

On the supply side, the broader mining industry’s economics are under strain. Electricity, hardware depreciation, and operational costs continue to restrict profitable deployment of hash power. The Cambridge Digital Mining Report underscores that energy cost variance across geographies is a major barrier for expansion. Projects that seek to monetise compute power must navigate this cost differential.

Arada has acquired a 75 percent stake in London-based residential developer Regal as part of a Dhs 2.5 billion investment that marks its first UK foray and second international expansion after Australia. The UK business will be rebranded as Arada London, with an ambition to turbocharge Regal’s pipeline from 10,000 units across 11 projects to over 30,000 within three years.

The acquisition was formalised in a ceremony attended by Sheikh Sultan bin Ahmed bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Chairman of Arada. Arada’s Group CEO, Ahmed Alkhoshaibi, said that more than half of the capital will be channelled into accelerating development and securing new land parcels. He described the London market environment as one presenting “right opportunities to acquire the right sites at the right price”.

Regal’s chief executive, Jonathan Seal, and the existing executive team will remain in post after the transaction. Seal remarked that Arada’s alignment with Regal’s strategic values and long-term vision made it a fitting partner to lead the next phase of growth.

The deal gives Arada an immediate platform in London, tapping into Regal’s diversified portfolio, which spans for-sale residential units, purpose-built student accommodation, and mixed-use regeneration schemes. Among ongoing developments is the Fulton & Fifth project in Wembley, comprising 876 homes of which 40 percent are designated as affordable housing, and Orchard Wharf in Tower Hamlets, which recently secured approval for 1,365 student beds and 200 homes.

Analysts see strategic logic in entering London via acquisition rather than greenfield development, citing the complexities and regulatory friction in the UK housing sector. Arada’s move follows a wave of Gulf-based developers expanding into London, including Damac, Aldar, and Modon, often via partnerships or subsidiaries.

However, entering the London residential market is not without risk. Regal’s 2024 accounts showed £252 million in short-term debt, contrasted against £196 million of investment property, reflecting potential balance-sheet stress. The UK housing sector continues to face headwinds from construction inflation, planning delays, and demand volatility.

Arada has defended the timing. Alkhoshaibi stated that entering markets when sentiment is subdued allows for acquiring desirable assets at lower cost, positioning for upside when conditions recover. He noted that Arada’s approach is to maintain momentum in its UAE operations while layering growth abroad.

Beyond the UK, Arada is also contemplating further regional expansion. The company is reportedly in discussions with Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund about a large mixed-use project in the kingdom. In the UAE itself, Arada plans a Dhs 3 billion development project in Ras Al Khaimah next year, reinforcing its domestic footprint.

The Indian rupee plunged to a lifetime low of ₹88.7975 per US dollar, sliding about 0.5 per cent on the day as fears over a sharp hike in U. S. H-1B visa fees rallied selling pressure across foreign exchange markets. Intervention by the Reserve Bank of India failed to staunch the slide fully, leaving the currency exposed amid faltering capital inflows and heightened external risks.

Markets pointed to the visa fee jump as a critical trigger. The Trump administration’s new proclamation imposes a $100,000 application cost on fresh H-1B visa petitions, vastly above its prior range, and is widely seen as a threat to remittance flows and the earnings outlook for India’s technology exporters. Meanwhile, persistent foreign portfolio outflows and U. S. tariff tensions on Indian goods compounded downward pressure.

Analysts estimate that remittances from the U. S. account for roughly 3.4 per cent of India’s GDP, making any disruption in the flow of workers and repatriated funds significant for the external balance. The visa change, if sustained, could erode that buffer. Traders now widely expect the rupee’s trajectory to remain weak in the coming weeks unless policy tailwinds emerge.

Speculation is building that the RBI sold dollars via state banks in the ₹88.50 zone to support the rupee, but the support was limited. While intervention took multiple forms—spot market, non-deliverable forwards and futures—the central bank appears to be managing volatility more than defending a fixed exchange rate. Some market participants view the decline as partly calibrated and allowable, until macro fundamentals justify a reversal.

Data from the RBI’s monthly bulletin show that in July alone, the central bank sold a net $2.54 billion in the spot foreign exchange market. It held forward dollar sales of about $57.85 billion at the end of July—suggesting pre-emptive hedging and reserve deployment to offset pressure. The use of forward sales is a tool to mitigate speculative demand and signal resolve.

U. S. rate expectations and the global dollar trajectory also weigh heavily. The U. S. dollar index remains firm, underpinning strength in emerging market currency pairs’ downside. Weakness in India’s export performance and looming protectionist measures add to caution. In September to date, foreign investors withdrew over $1 billion from Indian equities, pushing year-to-date outflows to roughly $16 billion.

Technology stocks bore the brunt of the rupee stress. With margins threatened by the visa fee shock, several large IT firms are already budgeting for higher immigration costs. Estimates place incremental fee burdens between $150 million and $550 million for major firms, depending on visa volumes and contract structures.

The Indian government mounted a diplomatic push in response, deploying a high-level delegation to Washington to discuss the visa fee policy and broader trade concerns. Delhi has warned of “humanitarian consequences,” arguing that abrupt changes in visa costs risk disrupting families and the livelihood of highly skilled professionals. In public remarks, Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal and other officials have insisted that they will press for reversals or carveouts.

White House sources clarified that the $100,000 fee will apply only to new applications, not renewals or current visa holders—a move that soothed some immediate concerns in the IT industry. That assurance has allowed short-term relief in some quarters, though uncertainty lingers over enforcement guidelines and compliance timelines.

Fitch Ratings changed Thailand’s long-term foreign-currency issuer outlook to Negative from Stable, citing mounting pressures on public finances, fragile growth prospects and ongoing political fragility. The sovereign rating itself remains at BBB+.

The credit agency warned that escalating risks to fiscal stability — especially rising debt and persistent budget deficits — are aggravated by uncertainty over government continuity and policy direction. Economic growth slowing below peer averages and vulnerabilities in the tourism and export sectors further reinforce downside risks.

Fitch singled out Thailand’s general government debt reaching about 59.4 percent of GDP, a level close to median thresholds for ‘BBB’-rated sovereigns, noting it has risen sharply from pre-pandemic levels. Persistent fiscal deficits of 4.6 percent of GDP in fiscal 2025 and 4.3 percent in 2026 are projected, and though Fitch expects stabilisation beyond 2027, the window for improvement is narrow.

Fitch also emphasised Thailand’s external buffers — a consistent current account surplus and conservative composition of government debt — as mitigants that support the affirmed rating despite the negative outlook. It noted that average debt servicing costs relative to revenues remain lower than peer country averages, which grants some breathing room.

The political backdrop has intensified the strain. The constitutional court’s removal of Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra over an ethics violation tied to a leaked phone conversation triggered a swift transition. Anutin Charnvirakul assumed the premiership through a deal with the opposition party that mandates a general election within four months, introducing turbulence to fiscal continuity and policy clarity. Fitch warned that this political flux could amplify short-term spending pressures and generate unpredictable policy shifts.

Macro-economic forecasts reinforce the downgrade rationale. The World Bank has trimmed Thailand’s projected GDP growth in 2025 to 1.8 percent and 1.7 percent in 2026, citing weak external demand, slowed tourism recovery and waning domestic consumption — outcomes likely exacerbated by political volatility. Inflation has turned slightly negative, prompting central bank expectations of further rate cuts; Fitch expects two more 25 basis point cuts this year and in 2026.

Thailand’s central bank has already lowered its policy rate 100 basis points over the past year to 1.5 percent, and with inflation below zero, the case for easing remains plausible — though constrained by high household debt levels. The Bank of Thailand has signalled readiness to act if growth weakens further.

Analysts caution that structural deficiencies — such as sluggish productivity gains, reliance on tourism, and high household debts — limit upside recovery. Institutional weakness and frequent leadership turnover further deter investment confidence.

To reverse the negative trajectory, Fitch emphasised that Thailand’s government must demonstrate strong fiscal consolidation, stabilise public debt dynamics and restore growth momentum. A return to a stable outlook would require credible cuts to the fiscal deficit, credible medium-term plans to reduce debt, and a more predictable policy environment that supports private investment.