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   By K Raveendran   The market seems to have already done its arithmetic on the new US sanctions on two major Russian oil companies, Rosneft PJSC and Lukoil, gauging the immediate and medium-term consequences for energy supply lines stretching from Moscow to Mumbai. In a matter of hours, crude prices spiked, reflecting not just […]

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A leading voice at the United Nations General Assembly roundtable pressed for stablecoins and blockchain-based identity systems as crucial tools in closing the gap for the 1.7 billion people globally who remain outside formal financial services. Adrian Wall, managing director of the Digital Sovereignty Alliance, moderated a session on global digital identity and financial inclusion on 22 October 2025 at the UN headquarters in New York, asserting that inclusive digital ecosystems must go hand in hand with personal data ownership.

Wall declared that “financial inclusion without financial literacy is a bridge to nowhere. It is access without empowerment,” emphasising that agency begins with ownership of data and dignity begins with choice. The DSA event convened 48 policy-makers, technology leaders and sustainable-development practitioners to explore frameworks combining blockchain, stablecoins and digital identity protocols in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

The discussion centred on how stablecoins—cryptocurrency units pegged to fiat currencies—and decentralised ledger infrastructures can extend access to payments, savings and credit for those shut out of traditional banking. Wall highlighted that data sovereignty underpins financial sovereignty: by empowering individuals to control their digital identity, systems can shift from passive access to active agency. He noted the critical role of stablecoins in environments where banking infrastructure is weak, pointing to pilots in sub-Saharan Africa where mobile wallets linked to digital identity verify transactions in previously unbanked communities.

Yet speakers also raised caution about stablecoins’ risks. Regulatory oversight remains uneven, with concerns about reserve transparency, anti-money-laundering compliance and the possibility of financial exclusion if digital identity systems mis-function. One attendee warned that “if identity platforms fail, we may deepen the exclusion we’re trying to solve.” The DSA stressed the need for multi-stakeholder governance: national regulators, technology providers and civil-society organisations must co-design the protocols to safeguard inclusion rather than displace it.

Beyond Africa, the dialogue extended to how stablecoins might support cross-border remittance flows, reducing cost and settlement delay. With global remittances hitting over US$700 billion annually, the potential for digital-asset rails has attracted attention from development lenders and fintech firms. Wall suggested that stablecoins anchored to trusted fiat liabilities could complement central bank digital currencies where those are nascent, offering a hybrid model for underserved markets.

A governance storm has erupted within the Ethereum ecosystem after long-serving core developer Péter Szilágyi accused the Ethereum Foundation of operating a tightly-controlled “Vitalik-centric” inner circle that dictates project success and sidelines contributors. His public letter places co-founder Vitalik Buterin at the centre of decision-making, raising fresh concerns about decentralisation, compensation and the future of Ethereum’s governance.

Szilágyi, who led the development of the “Geth” client for nearly a decade, claims that only five to ten individuals—alongside one to three venture-capital firms—consistently influence which projects flourish within the ecosystem. He wrote: “Ethereum may be decentralised, but Vitalik absolutely has complete indirect control over it.” According to his account, the public image of his leadership role masked a reality in which he had little real influence and often found himself excluded when he challenged insiders. His letter also revealed that over six years he earned approximately US $625,000—despite Ethereum’s market capitalisation reaching US $450 billion in the same timeframe—highlighting concerns about remuneration for key infrastructure developers.

The Ethereum Foundation now finds itself under scrutiny. Critics say its funding and rewards mechanisms favour a narrow elite and neglect the broader developer community. Analysts point to the letter as sparking a wider debate about whether Ethereum’s governance is diverging from its founding ethos of open participation and merit-based outcomes.

The reaction from the ecosystem has been swift. Sandeep Nailwal, co-founder of Polygon Technology and previously closely aligned with Ethereum, echoed frustrations that “major contributors regularly face public questioning of their allegiance” and receive scant support. He questioned his own loyalty to Ethereum, citing neglect of Polygon’s contributions and reflecting broader unease among Layer-2 project leaders.

Meanwhile, Vitalik Buterin issued a public statement emphasising gratitude for Polygon’s work and the role of the broader community, but stopped short of addressing Szilágyi’s specific claims about governance and compensation. His comments were interpreted by some observers as an attempt to defuse the tension while preserving the Foundation’s preferred narrative.

The governance crisis arrives at a delicate moment for Ethereum. With the ecosystem navigating a complex architecture of Layer-2 scaling, data-availability upgrades and broader institutional adoption, questions of control, reward and direction carry more weight than ever. Governance practitioner Andre Cronje also warned that Ethereum risks losing technological and social cohesion if contributors feel disenfranchised or opt out of aligned development.

Riyadh is advancing its push into artificial intelligence, sidestepping some of the previous fanfare around the massive urban-megaproject Neom, and signalling a new strategic pivot by its sovereign wealth arm Public Investment Fund. The fund is repositioning to attract global AI investment, deepen partnerships with major tech players and harness data-centre infrastructure at scale.

The kingdom’s leadership is steering resources away from grand construction ambitions to technology-driven growth. The newly formed Humain — a PIF-backed AI company — was launched in May with the mission of establishing Saudi Arabia as a global hub for AI. The firm plans to build advanced data centres, cloud services and one of the world’s most powerful Arabic large-language models.

Strategic deals have followed. U. S. chip-maker Nvidia has agreed to ship some 18,000 Blackwell chips to Saudi Arabia to support a 500-megawatt data-centre facility coordinated by Humain. PIF and international analysts say the move reflects a shift in focus: less emphasis on sprawling “giga-projects” of construction, more on the digital-infrastructure layer that underpins a future knowledge-economy.

Globally, transformative AI applications — from generative-AI language models to edge computing in industries — require vast compute power, energy and state coordination. PIF’s governor Yasir Al‑Rumayyan has said the kingdom is well-placed, given its energy resources and large-scale capital, to become a “hub outside the U. S.” for AI development. Analysts suggest the pivot acknowledges market realities: mega-cities like Neom have proved slower to materialise than envisaged, while digital-economy bets offer faster, more measurable returns.

The megacity Neom and its flagship component – The Line – have faced scepticism over timelines, cost-overruns and foreign investor pull-back. Executive reshuffles in Neom’s leadership and recalibrated investment priorities have signalled the shift. Meanwhile, PIF has begun trimming the proportion of its portfolio allocated to global investments — moving foreign-allocation toward 18 per cent from previous targets — to double-down on domestic strategic sectors like AI.

The investment case for Saudi Arabia is sizeable. Humain aims to tap into the Arab-language market of over 450 million people, while deploying data-centre capacity measured in gigawatts. Academic and industry voices say the kingdom has already built one of the strongest AI-ready physical infrastructures in the Middle East: multiple super-computers, data centres and training programmes are in motion. On the human-capital front, programmes to train 20,000 data/AI experts by 2030 are underway through partnerships with international firms such as Microsoft, Accenture and Huawei Technologies.

For global tech firms and investors, Saudi Arabia’s offer now centres around “sovereign AI infrastructure” rather than purely construction or real-estate play. The deal with Nvidia is seen as precedent-setting: Nvidia’s CEO told reporters that AI infrastructure is “essential infrastructure” akin to power and internet. Moreover, the shift aligns with the kingdom’s broader strategic framework Vision 2030 — which seeks to reduce oil-dependence and build a diversified economy.

Nevertheless, risks remain. Observers caution that the AI ambition is spectacular in scale yet faces operational and regulatory challenges — from data-governance to talent retention and ideological scrutiny. The push may also attract geopolitical scrutiny given the involvement of U. S. technology in Saudi infrastructure. The earlier mega-project model illustrates how bold vision can be slowed by delivery hurdles.

The company formed by Hyperliquid Strategies Inc. has filed a registration statement with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, seeking to raise up to US$1 billion by issuing up to 160 million shares of common stock. According to the filing, the share-offering will be handled underwritten by Chardan Capital Markets LLC, acting as financial advisor for the transaction.

HSI is the combined entity formed via the business combination between Sonnet BioTherapeutics, Inc. and Rorschach I LLC, a special-purpose vehicle affiliated with Atlas Merchant Capital LLC and Paradigm Operations LP. That merger agreement valued HSI at approximately US$888 million, comprising roughly US$583 million in the native token HYPE and at least US$305 million in cash.

In its S-1 filing, HSI states the capital will support “general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of HYPE tokens and other digital-asset treasury activities.” Analysts interpret this as an indication that HSI intends to deepen its exposure to the HYPE ecosystem and position itself as a publicly-listed vehicle for crypto-asset treasury management.

Leadership for the combined company is drawn from the sponsors behind Rorschach I. At closing, the board will include Bob Diamond and David Schamis. Current independent directors from Sonnet will also roll over into the new board structure.

Market observers point out that the transaction marks a significant shift from the biotech credentials of Sonnet to a crypto-treasury focus at HSI. At the time of the agreement, the value of HYPE tokens held by HSI was based on a spot price of approximately US$46.37. The shift has drawn scrutiny: one investor-rights law firm is investigating whether the minority stakes to legacy Sonnet shareholders create equity fairness issues.

The $1 billion raise is notable for several reasons. First, it underscores the trend of publicly-listed companies forming or converting into crypto treasury vehicles, providing regulated-market access to digital-asset exposure. Second, by aligning its strategy around HYPE token accumulation, HSI is building a sector-specific reserve, akin to what several other companies have done with Bitcoin in prior years. Third, the timing — amid heightened regulatory discussions around crypto infrastructure and token-linked public entities — places HSI at a crossroads of capital-markets innovation and regulatory risk.