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Hackers claiming affiliation with Predatory Sparrow, possibly linked to Israel, have executed a cyber‑strike against Nobitex, Iran’s leading cryptocurrency exchange, erasing approximately $90 million worth of digital assets. The assault began in the early hours of 18 June 2025, when the group transferred diverse cryptocurrencies—including Bitcoin, Ethereum and Dogecoin—into vanishing crypto‑wallets designed without private keys, effectively “burning” the funds to send a deliberate political message.

Blockchain analytics firms, including Elliptic and TRM Labs, analysed the transactions and found the emptied addresses bore anti‑IRGC messages, confirming the operation was ideologically motivated rather than financially driven. Elliptic noted that the assets were moved into vanity addresses with embedded slogans denouncing the IRGC, and that the group leaking the funds would not retain the keys, ensuring permanent loss.

Noble objective remains politically charged

The group, using its Farsi‑named moniker Gonjeshke Darande—or “Predatory Sparrow”—publicly accused Nobitex of facilitating Iran’s sanctions evasion and funding militant groups, claiming the platform had enabled transactions for IRGC‑linked factions such as Hamas and Yemen’s Houthis. Elliptic has traced past ties between Nobitex and IRGC‑affiliated actors, including sanctioned individuals like Amir Hossein Niakeen Ravari and Ahmad Khatibi Aghada.

The hack comes amid heightened Israel‑Iran tensions. Reports indicate that Predatory Sparrow also targeted Iran’s state‑owned Bank Sepah on 17 June, triggering widespread service disruption, including to ATMs and fuel stations. Analysts interpret these cyber‑operations as extensions of conventional military retaliations between the two nations.

Nobitex disruptions raise alarm

Nobitex admitted to unauthorised access affecting both its app and website, temporarily shutting services while conducting assessments. Public updates from the exchange have been sparse, and customer inquiries have reportedly gone unanswered. Plans to recover or rebuild lost assets remain unclear, raising concerns among its claimed user base of over 7 million.

Despite accusations, Israel has not officially claimed responsibility. Media speculation within the country suggests government backing, but no formal confirmation has been issued. Predatory Sparrow, noted for previous impactful operations—from collapsing gas station networks in 2021 to prompting major fires at a steel mill in 2022—added this attack to its growing list of cyber engagements against Iranian infrastructure.

Impact and implications for crypto ecosystem

Cyber‑security analysts have labelled the hack “particularly significant given the comparatively modest size of Iran’s cryptocurrency market,” with Chainalysis intelligence chief Andrew Fierman underscoring the political overtones. The operation exemplifies how digital currencies and blockchain platforms are becoming tactical assets and vulnerabilities within geopolitical conflicts.

U.S. legislators, including Senators Elizabeth Warren and Angus King, previously raised concerns over Nobitex’s facilitation of sanctions avoidance, highlighting its role in enabling Iran’s IRGC and related proxies to move financial resources. This attack may intensify scrutiny on crypto exchanges suspected of abetting questionable transactions in sanctioned jurisdictions.

Decline of Iran’s crypto defences

Crypto adoption in Iran has long served as a hedge against economic instability, with citizens and state‑linked groups alike using digital currencies to escape inflationary pressures and circumvent banking restrictions. Nobitex, in particular, developed significant traction, drawing millions of users seeking alternative financial tools.

However, analysts warn this sabotage could erode investor trust, disrupt public confidence in digital assets, and invite heightened regulatory oversight. Exchanges in politically sensitive regions may now face new security standards and sanctions compliance demands.

A new frontier in cyber‑warfare

This development underlines a shift where cyber‑warfare transcends state boundaries, now targeting third‑party financial networks with tangible consequences. By obliterating rather than stealing funds, Predatory Sparrow signalled that its operation aimed to disrupt Iran’s crypto‑financing rather than profit from it.

Officials tracking these patterns warn that similar tactics may emerge as cyber‑tools of statecraft evolve, affecting financial systems across volatile regions. Experts suggest exchanges handling high‑risk jurisdictions should shore up defences and improve transparency around asset provenance and network resilience.

As Nobitex works to restore functionality, regulators, crypto stakeholders and intelligence services will closely examine the incident. The breach draws attention to the critical role of exchanges in global geopolitics, raising complex questions about neutrality, compliance and cybersecurity in an increasingly fraught digital economy.

Zurich-based 21Shares AG has extended its reach in the Nordic financial market by adding five cryptocurrency exchange-traded products to Nasdaq Stockholm, taking its total offerings on the Swedish exchange to ten. The newly cross-listed products—Uniswap, Avalanche, Bitcoin Gold, Solana Core Staking and Ethereum Core —join the firm’s existing Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, XRP and Bitcoin Core ETPs.

This move reflects mounting interest among both retail and institutional investors in regulated access to a broader range of digital assets via established trading venues. With the latest additions, 21Shares reinforces its position as a leading provider of physically backed, transparent crypto investment products in Europe.

Mandy Chiu, Head of Financial Product Development at 21Shares, highlighted that the expansion enables investors to craft more bespoke portfolios. “By offering a broader selection of single‑asset and thematic crypto ETPs, we’re empowering investors to build more customised and resilient portfolios through a familiar exchange environment,” she said. Nasdaq’s European ETF & ETP head, Helena Wedin, welcomed the new suite, noting such innovation as shaping the future of capital markets.

The newly listed ETPs offer exposure to distinct niches within the crypto ecosystem. AUNI provides a stake in Uniswap, the leading decentralised exchange. AVAX tracks Avalanche, a platform noted for its scalability. BOLD focuses on Bitcoin Gold—a fork designed to democratise mining. CSOL delivers both Solana price exposure and staking yield, while ETHC covers Ethereum’s core asset. These additions allow investors to target specific segments, from DeFi protocols to next‑generation blockchains and staking-enabled assets.

All 21Shares ETPs are physically collateralised and traded under regulated frameworks, removing the burden of wallet management and key custody. Fees range from 0.21% to 2.50% annually, offering a competitive alternative to direct crypto exchange transactions. The firm’s products are also listed on Euronext Paris, Amsterdam, London and SIX Swiss Exchange, contributing to a diversified pan-European presence.

This latest development comes as Europe prepares for implementation of the Markets in Crypto‑Assets Regulation, aimed at standardising crypto oversight. More listings on regulated exchanges help issuers align with the evolving regulatory landscape.

21Shares’ strategy compares with best-in-class players in traditional finance pushing crypto integration. From Bitcoin and Ethereum to platforms like Solana and Avalanche, the firm’s growing suite meets demand both for mainstream exposure and thematic investment strategies.

Despite these advances, some challenges persist. Liquidity conditions for less‑traded tokens such as Bitcoin Gold can be thin, and tracking discrepancies may emerge between product performance and spot prices. Fees, while competitive, can vary significantly: niche products may carry noticeably higher rates, impacting returns.

Nevertheless, for investors seeking regulated and familiar vehicles, the benefits are tangible. ETPs provide access through existing brokerages, transparency under established compliance standards and relief from the technical complexity of self-custody.

This expansion also underscores Nasdaq Stockholm’s evolving role as a hub for crypto‑linked financial instruments. Stockholm’s regulatory environment and market infrastructure make it attractive for issuers and investors alike. The increased product diversity enhances its appeal to both domestic and regional markets.

Beyond booming local interest, 21Shares continues to push forward globally. In the US, the firm is pursuing approvals for a suite of spot crypto exchange-traded funds—including for Solana, XRP, Dogecoin, Polkadot, and Sui—as it seeks to replicate its European success. Additionally, its ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF underwent a 3‑for‑1 stock split on 16 June to enhance accessibility.

Since launching the first physically backed crypto ETP in 2018, 21Shares has built a track record of innovation and adaptation. Backed by deep market expertise and proprietary custody systems, the company now manages approximately US $9.15 billion in assets under management. Leadership changes—including new CEO Russell Barlow—reflect an evolving operational structure focused on scalability.

Donald Trump’s family has quietly reduced its stake in World Liberty Financial, the crypto venture closely tied to his business and political interests, trimming its holding from 60 per cent to 40 per cent after June 8. The move marks a significant shift in the family’s involvement in the blockchain sector.

The reduction in equity coincided with a rising valuation for WLF, which earlier sold US$550 million in its native $WLFI tokens and has attracted substantial foreign investments, including a US$2 billion infusion from a UAE-backed entity using its stablecoin USD1 for Binance transactions. Analysts estimate the 20 per cent stake sale could have fetched around US$190 million, with approximately US$135 million potentially going to Donald Trump personally.

World Liberty Financial, launched during the 2024 election cycle, has been a central hub of the Trump family’s crypto strategy. The firm is a decentralised finance protocol that aggressively markets its connection to Trump, listing him as “chief crypto advocate” and involving his sons in senior Web3 roles. Under its structure, Trump-linked entities capture 60 per cent of ownership and 75 per cent of token sale revenues.

The firm’s high-profile stablecoin USD1, launched in March 2025, swiftly became one of the top five global stablecoins, with a circulating supply exceeding US$2 billion by April. In May, the WLF stablecoin was chosen by an Abu Dhabi investment fund to purchase US$2 billion in Binance shares—a deal criticised for merging private enterprise and diplomatic influence.

Critics have raised concerns that the share reduction, lacking any formal announcement, typifies the project’s secretive nature and the family’s opaque handling of crypto profits. DT Marks DEFI LLC—an entity renamed from DT Tower II LLC in 2024 and fully owned by Trump family—holds the WLF stake. Ownership structure has branched out to include Don Jr., Eric, and Barron Trump, each holding minor positions alongside their father within the DEFI entity.

The lack of disclosure prompted scrutiny, and no official response has emerged from the Trump Organisation or WLF regarding the transaction. This latest move mirrors an earlier reduction in January 2025, when the family lowered its control from 75 per cent to 60 per cent.

The pivot comes amid intensifying criticism of World Liberty’s entanglement with state and family interests. Steve Witkoff—Trump’s Middle East envoy—is linked to key dealmaking, with his son Zach co-founding WLF. Their collaborative efforts to court foreign investment from UAE and Pakistan have sparked concern over potential conflicts between diplomatic roles and private profit. Legal experts and ethicists question the blending of public service and personal gain in a venture that funnels income to the Trump and Witkoff families while concurrently lifting Trump administration deregulatory actions on digital assets.

The share reduction enters a broader regulatory moment. The US Senate recently passed stablecoin legislation that may reshape legal frameworks around such assets, while Circle, a peer stablecoin issuer, saw its valuation spike—heightening investor comparisons with WLF. With global crypto markets in flux and the Trump-linked coin ecosystem expanding, the timing of the sale aligns with strategic portfolio recalibration.

World Liberty continues to promote itself as the “official” Trump crypto brand, prompting its legal team to issue cease-and-desist directives against unauthorised token imitations. There is no indication that the stake reduction signals a retreat; rather, it appears to be a calculated liquidity event amid heightened scrutiny and shifting valuations.

The market capitalisation of tokenised Real‑World Assets has soared to over $23 billion, marking a surge of more than 260% since the start of the year, with private credit and US Treasury tokens accounting for the bulk of the growth.

Leading the charge, tokenised private credit comprises roughly 58% of the total market, while tokenised US Treasuries make up about 34% of the overall valuation. The dramatic expansion reflects increasing demand for on‑chain exposure to established asset classes beyond cryptocurrencies, as investors seek yield and diversification within a regulated digital framework.

Market participants have highlighted the clarity in evolving regulatory frameworks as a crucial catalyst. The enhanced transparency and legal recognition of tokenised assets in jurisdictions such as Abu Dhabi Global Market are encouraging institutional players to engage more actively. Concurrently, technology platforms and traditional finance firms are racing to establish token issuance and trading infrastructure.

One of the most prominent sector players, Securitize Inc., provides a full-stack platform enabling compliant tokenisation across asset types. As of May 2025, the firm has issued over $4 billion on‑chain, including $2.8 billion in tokenised US Treasury exposure, commanding more than 70% share of tokenised US Treasury products. Its leadership on tokenised private credit is also significant, with major asset managers like Apollo and BlackRock utilising the platform for their tokenised offerings.

Private credit, defined as non‑bank lending embedded in project, corporate, and direct lending vehicles, has long been one of the fastest‑growing alternative asset classes. Currently valued at an estimated $2–3 trillion globally, private credit forms a natural fit for tokenisation, enabling fractionated access, faster settlement, and enhanced transparency. By bridging direct lending with blockchain infrastructure, tokenisation platforms are opening access to smaller investors and unlocking liquidity for traditionally illiquid instruments.

US Treasury tokens have also gained rapid traction. In October 2024, Abu Dhabi‑based Realize launched a tokenised US Treasury ETF fund targeting $200 million assets. This initiative marked the first tokenised Treasury fund domiciled in Abu Dhabi Global Market, reflecting the growing confidence in sovereign debt tokens.

Growth to date appears driven by institutional interest, but emerging trends suggest growing participation from global wealth firms, family offices, and retail platforms. Securitize has onboarded numerous institutional investors and is planning retail channels in collaboration with custodians like Anchorage Digital, BitGo, and Copper.

Regulatory clarity is playing a defining role. US leadership from figures such as Securitize’s CEO appearing before House Financial Services, along with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission and Securities and Exchange Commission’s deliberations, is building a foundation for mainstream adoption. Internationally, regulatory sandbox setups—like Abu Dhabi’s—are providing live environments for tokenised asset experimentation.

As the total market cap moves beyond $23 billion, key drivers include mature tokenisation platforms, growing regulator engagement, and rising investor demand for yield-bearing digital assets within compliant frameworks. Whether private credit and Treasury tokens continue to dominate depends on lasting improvements in interoperability, standardisation, and token issuance efficiency.

Going forward, momentum may attract tokenisation of other asset types—real estate, commodities, infrastructure debt and equity. Yet challenges such as secondary market liquidity, cross‑chain compatibility, and investor education remain to be addressed. Leading infrastructure providers and asset managers appear intent on solving these, which may mutate tokenised RWAs from a niche tool into a mainstream financial innovation.

U.S. President Donald Trump has appealed directly to the House of Representatives to pass the GENIUS Act—a bipartisan stablecoin regulation bill cleared by the Senate—without any amendments or delays, stressing that it will position the country as the “undisputed leader” in digital assets.

The Senate passed the bill on 17 June with a decisive 68‑30 vote, supported by senators from both parties. It introduces stringent rules for stablecoin issuance, including full backing of coins with liquid reserves and monthly disclosures of reserve compositions, alongside audit and Treasury oversight provisions. Trump openly praised the legislation, calling it “pure genius” and urging House Republicans to advance a “clean” version so it reaches his desk before Congress breaks for its August recess.

Major market players reacted positively. The approval spurred significant gains in related equities: shares of Circle Internet, issuer of the USDC stablecoin, surged between 16% and 27%, reflecting investor optimism for regulatory clarity and mainstream token adoption.

The GENIUS Act’s framework mandates that only permitted issuers—such as banks or federally approved payment companies—may issue stablecoins for U.S. users. It requires a one‑to‑one reserve ratio in U.S. dollars or Treasuries and monthly public disclosures about reserve composition. Additionally, it introduces safeguards for consumer protection and bankruptcy protocols prioritising stablecoin holders. Large issuers will have to undergo annual audits, and the bill prohibits stabilecoin ownership by Congress members, though it excludes the President and Vice President.

While Trump’s endorsement reflects his broader pro-crypto pivot—underscored by investments like Bitcoin, policy appointments, and support from his digital-assets advisory council—critics have flagged potential conflicts of interest. Trump and his family hold substantial stakes in crypto ventures including World Liberty Financial and its USD1 stablecoin, having earned tens of millions in 2024. Critics stress that exemption of the President from the bill’s conflict-of-interest ban leaves a loophole that some fear could be exploited.

Senators on both sides celebrated the bill. Republican sponsor Bill Hagerty described it as a “paradigm-shifting development” that moves the U.S. toward global leadership in crypto. Senate Banking Chair Tim Scott described it as “the most significant digital assets legislation ever to pass the U.S. Senate”. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent projected that the bill could expand the stablecoin market to $3 trillion‑plus by decade’s end.

Nonetheless, the path ahead is not without hurdles. Some Democrats, including Elizabeth Warren, Jeff Merkley and others, raised objections during Senate negotiations, warning the bill could grant a “super‑highway for corruption” and fails to curtail potential for big tech firms entering the stablecoin market. Senate negotiators incorporated numerous amendments to secure support, but key concerns remain unresolved.

The United Arab Emirates is on track to maintain an annual growth rate of approximately 4 % from 2025 through 2028, underpinned by robust expansion in non-oil sectors and rising oil output, according to S&P Global Ratings.

S&P’s Zahabia S Gupta, Director of the Sovereign team, emphasised that even with softened oil prices and global growth headwinds, the federation and individual emirates are projected to record consecutive fiscal surpluses. Boosted liquidity and investment returns are expected to raise the UAE’s net asset position to around 177 % of GDP by 2028.

Oil production quotas agreed by OPEC+ are forecast to remain elevated, enhancing the UAE’s hydrocarbon revenues, though the non-oil sectors—such as finance, real estate, tourism, and services—are seen as the main drivers. The Central Bank raised its 2024 GDP projection to 4 % and forecasts growth of 6 % for 2025. Sectoral diversification, including continued investment in infrastructure, logistics, and digital technologies, will support sustained activity levels across the seven emirates.

Emirates’ fiscal health, backed by solid sovereign reserves and rising yields on sovereign-backed assets, positions the government to generate surpluses even amid modest global economic slowdown. Gupta points out that income from liquid investments will be critical in reinforcing net asset accumulation. This resilient fiscal trajectory contrasts favourably with regional peers.

Sharjah, however, presents a more cautious outlook. S&P recently revised its forecast for the emirate’s economic performance, predicting roughly 3 % annual growth through 2028 alongside a widening deficit that is expected to reach 6.7 % of GDP in 2024. The difference underlines the UAE’s internal variance in expansion and structural robustness.

The UAE’s medium-term macroeconomic forecast aligns with IMF projections indicating real GDP growth of about 4.2 % in 2025 and a gradual uptick to 4.5 % by 2028. Non‑oil GDP growth is expected to consistently outpace the oil sector, significantly contributing to overall diversification efforts. Financing this will involve domestic debt issuance, estimated at around US $19 billion in 2024, nearly 55 % of which will be allocated to development projects.

Market observers note that the central bank’s policy rate adjustments, tied to the US Federal Reserve, may influence domestic lending conditions, but the policy outlook remains cautious given the dirham’s peg to the dollar. Financial sector resilience—evidenced by healthy bank liquidity and expanding lending—will support private sector credit growth.

The UAE’s strategic economic pivot includes deeper integration into global supply chains, expansion of tourism and hospitality capacity, and advanced digital infrastructure rollout. High-profile projects such as the Wynn Al Marjan Island integrated resort, which is set to open in Ras Al Khaimah in 2027, reflect the commitment to economic diversification.

Investors and analysts recognise that sustaining 4 % growth will require balancing oil revenue reliance with resilient non-hydrocarbon sectors. Fiscal discipline and effective public investment will remain crucial, particularly amid geopolitical tensions and potential global demand fluctuations. S&P’s projections anticipate that the UAE will continue recording fiscal surpluses, unlike other economies which may face tightening pressures.

The UAE’s economic trajectory contrasts sharply with that of Saudi Arabia, where growth is expected to accelerate to about 4 % over the same period—yet heavily influenced by oil production—underscoring the UAE’s relative strength in non‑oil diversification. The country’s strategic position as a regional financial and logistics hub reinforces its prospects against external shocks.

Challenges persist, including global inflationary pressures, energy price volatility, and regional geopolitical uncertainty. The government’s capacity to manage these risks, while preserving capital buffers and sustaining reform momentum, will be critical to achieve projected outcomes.

FalconX, a leading cryptocurrency prime brokerage, has initiated informal talks with bankers and advisers to explore an initial public offering in 2025, signalling a significant move to satisfy burgeoning institutional demand for digital assets. The firm, which last raised $150 million in 2022 at an $8 billion valuation, is not yet retaining an underwriter—an early but strategic step toward going public.

Founded in 2018, FalconX began as a crypto-focused prime broker, enabling clients to trade directly on exchanges. Today it spans three verticals—markets, custody and staking, and direct market access prime brokerage—positioning itself as a full-spectrum financial services provider for institutional clients. This evolution reflects growing investor interest in digital assets and the firm’s expansion through deals and strategic integration.

In early 2025, FalconX acquired Arbelos Markets, marking its entry into the derivatives segment, a lucrative but highly competitive space. It also forges partnerships with established players such as Standard Chartered, integrating global banking and foreign-exchange capabilities, and with Cantor Fitzgerald, accessing a credit facility collateralised by Bitcoin—its “first step in a broader credit framework” to bolster institutional offerings.

The broader crypto sector is experiencing an IPO wave. Several digital-asset platforms, including Fold, Exodus and eToro, have listed in 2025. Notably, stablecoin issuer Circle achieved a landmark $1.1 billion IPO on 5 June, marking the largest crypto-market debut in history and fuelling expectations of further listings. Following Circle’s success, firms such as Bullish and Gemini filed for public listings, with Kraken and Justin Sun’s Tron Group also preparing filings.

Amid this sector-wide momentum, FalconX is working to enhance its public profile, seeking to craft a compelling narrative ahead of a potential IPO. The firm’s strategy, according to one insider, emphasises readiness to appeal to public-market investors, including both strategic partnerships and public relations positioning.

The firm’s track record underpins its IPO ambition. In June 2022, it secured a $150 million Series D led by Singapore’s GIC and B Capital at an $8 billion valuation. That round also involved Thoma Bravo, Wellington Management, Adams Street Partners and Tiger Global Management. CEO Raghu Yarlagadda emphasised FalconX’s market‑neutral model, rigorous risk‑management and profitability amid volatility—a rarity in the crypto space.

With over $430 million in capital raised to date, FalconX has demonstrated resilience, continuing to hire and expand services even as competitors retrench. GIC’s commitment and the firm’s strategic posture reflect stable investor confidence.

Institutional demand for crypto is rapidly growing, and FalconX’s moves align with this shift. The acquisition of Arbelos, banking collaboration and credit facility signal a broader ambition to integrate traditional and digital finance infrastructures, broaden offerings and close service gaps. As co-head of markets Joshua Lim observed, strategic partnerships and acquisitions enable FalconX to fill missing links that would otherwise force customers to assemble services piecemeal.

Within this context, launching an IPO emerges as both a capital‑raising tool and a visibility lever. As one adviser noted, “When you launch an IPO, you need to have a story…. You’re selling yourself to the investing public”. FalconX’s groundwork suggests readiness to craft that narrative, aligning with its strong financial position and strategic trajectory.

Approval has arrived for the unified tourist permit spanning Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, the UAE and Bahrain, clearing the path for cross‑border travel under a single application, akin to Europe’s Schengen system. UAE Minister of Economy Abdulla bin Touq Al Marri confirmed that the visa has moved to implementation stage, now resting with GCC interior ministries and security agencies for final coordination.

Governments in all six member states have endorsed the scheme unanimously, reflecting a strategic priority to deepen tourism cooperation through the GCC 2030 strategy. Oman’s Minister of Heritage and Tourism, Salem bin Mohammed Al Mahrouqi, disclosed that preliminary blueprinting and feedback were concluded by end‑2023, and final approval occurred at the Muscat ministerial meeting this month. The GCC Secretary‑General, Jassim Al‑Budaiwi, expressed optimism about deployment by end‑2025, with technical alignment underway.

Experts anticipate the visa will be valid for at least 30 days, potentially extendable to 90, facilitating flexible travel across the region. Applications are expected to be submitted online, with a choice between single‑state access or multi‑country entry, and accompanied by standard requirements—passport, photo, accommodation proof, insurance, and return travel documentation.

Industry stakeholders predict this measure will significantly boost “bleisure” tourism by intertwining business and leisure travel, expanding multi‑destination offerings and joint marketing opportunities. Dubai alone logged 7.15 million international visitors from January to April 2025, a 7 per cent increase year‑on‑year, with regional tourism already generating $110.4 billion in 2023 from 68.1 million arrivals.

Polls by Oxford Economics estimate the visa could draw up to 22 million extra visitors and inject an additional $26 billion of tourist spending by 2030. Roland Berger further outlines that inter‑GCC travel has significant room for growth, supported by strong transport infrastructure, cultural assets and mega‑event calendars.

National tourism strategies across the Gulf have outlined commitments to invest in hotels, cultural destinations, transport connectivity and digital innovation. Economy‑diversifying goals align with visa harmonisation, which is viewed as a lever to translate policy into visitor flows.

Key questions remain around pricing and fee structure. While details have yet to emerge, observers expect integrated visa costs to be lower than applying separately to each state, with validity spanning up to three months.

The visa is also anticipated to support lesser‑visited Gulf destinations. Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait could benefit from spill‑over tourism that pilots through Dubai before exploring quieter cultural or natural sites.

Coordination challenges remain for interior ministries around border systems and security protocols. These are now being finalised ahead of implementation, with the official rollout expected later in 2025.

As the Gulf coalition moves from theory to mechanics, attention turns to how the visa will revolutionise travel dynamics. With a single application, global tourists will be empowered to hop between hyper‑modern cityscapes, desert oases and heritage enclaves—now under one permit.

JD.com is preparing to deploy a regulated stablecoin through its Hong Kong arm as part of a significant expansion into digital payments. Its subsidiary, Jingdong Coinlink Technology Hong Kong, entered the Hong Kong Monetary Authority’s stablecoin sandbox in July 2024. The project is testing tokens pegged to the Hong Kong dollar and other major currencies, aiming for a wider rollout in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Tests performed by JD Coinlink have covered cross-border payment mechanisms, retail use cases—initially in JD Global’s Hong Kong and Macau markets—and investment applications on a public blockchain, ensuring transparency and regulatory compliance. JD is targeting integration across its extensive e-commerce ecosystem, including fast‑settling transactions for global trade, M&A deals, B2B settlements and consumer checkouts.

Richard Liu, JD’s founder and chairman, highlighted the company’s aim to secure stablecoin licences across major currency jurisdictions, citing the potential to cut cross‑border payment costs by up to 90 per cent and reduce settlement times to approximately 10 seconds. Liu underlined that once B2B applications prove viable, JD intends to broaden the stablecoin’s use to everyday consumer purchases within its platform.

The HKMA granted licences only to firms demonstrating robust risk controls and consumer protections. Under the Stablecoins Ordinance, which passed on 21 May 2025, issuers using or referencing the Hong Kong dollar must obtain formal approval and meet stringent obligations including reserve backing, redemption rights, transparent governance and segregation of client assets.

Jingdong Coinlink is complemented by parallel efforts to issue an offshore yuan stablecoin, though its launch hinges on regulatory authorisation from mainland authorities. This aligns with wider interest in the stablecoin market: Ant Group is also pursuing Hong Kong licences, and Western giants including JPMorgan, PayPal and Standard Chartered are racing to launch stablecoins.

Hong Kong’s regulatory clarity gives JD.com and its peers a regional advantage. The sandbox initiative, begun in March 2024, enabled live testing under HKMA supervision prior to licence application. With the Ordinance’s full force due on 1 August 2025, JD appears well aligned to capitalise on a rapidly evolving framework.

JD’s stablecoin will be issued on a public blockchain, enabling open verification of issuance volume and reserve data. CEO Liu Peng confirmed that the second phase of testing concluded in May, focusing on cross-border, retail and investment use cases. Assuming regulatory approval, licensing and integration plans are on track for Q4 2025.

These efforts form part of JD’s broader strategy to become a fintech powerhouse. The company recently expanded in food delivery and consumer finance, acknowledging a “lost” five‑year stretch of innovation. Its current push builds on JD’s in‑house blockchain infrastructure—Zhizhen Chain—which already facilitates roughly US $7 billion annually in supply‑chain finance.

Industry analysts observe that JD’s combination of logistics, e‑commerce reach and blockchain technology positions it uniquely among digital‑asset issuers. With nearly 600 million active users and operations spanning over 20 countries, the company could accelerate stablecoin adoption by integrating token payments into its merchant network.

As global stablecoin activity accelerates—fuelled by regulatory developments like the U.S. GENIUS Act and Hong Kong’s licensing framework—JD.com may emerge as one of Asia’s first large-scale retail-facing stablecoin providers.

Depending on its licensing trajectory, JD plans to list its stablecoin on regulated exchanges and deploy it on a public blockchain in Q4 2025. Beyond the HKD coin, the company is developing offshore yuan functionality, pending mainland approval.

Lawmakers in Ohio’s House Technology and Innovation Committee have approved House Bill 116 — dubbed the “Bitcoin Rights” measure — with a unanimous 13‑0 vote. The legislation safeguards personal control over encrypted digital assets, explicitly legalises individual and corporate mining and node operation, and provides a state income‑tax break of up to US $200 per transaction in capital gains from digital assets.

The bill, formally titled the Ohio Blockchain Basics Act, moves to the full House for a vote as part of an initiative to position the state as a hub for blockchain and cryptocurrency operations.

At the heart of the measure is the protection of self‑custody rights, allowing citizens to keep their crypto in hardware or self‑hosted wallets without interference from state or local authorities. It also shields miners and node operators from regulatory burdens. Individuals may mine at home, in residential zones, and businesses may operate industrial‑scale mining farms where zoning rules permit. Additionally, digital‑asset activities such as mining, staking, token swaps and node‑running would not trigger money‑transmitter or investment licensing requirements.

Another key component is the $200 per transaction exclusion from Ohio state income tax on capital gains from digital assets used as payment. That threshold is set to rise annually with inflation, offering relief to small‑scale users and encouraging routine use of cryptocurrency in commerce. Local governments, including municipalities and charter counties, would also be barred from imposing their own taxes or fees on such transactions.

The legislative analysis explains that the bill prevents state or locality from prohibiting acceptance of crypto as payment or from confiscating hardware or wallets. In industrial zones, mining operations enjoy protections from discriminatory rezoning, though noise and zoning regulations still apply.

Proponents, including the bill’s primary sponsor, Representative Steve Demetriou, have framed the bill as a foundational move to foster technology innovation, champion financial autonomy and attract blockchain businesses to Ohio. The bipartisan, unanimous committee vote reflects broad political willingness to embed crypto‑friendly measures at state level.

Supporters argue Ohio will benefit economically by drawing in infrastructure investment and fostering public familiarity with digital assets — especially with enhanced legal certainty and tax incentives in place.

However, critics caution that the bill may leave regulatory gaps, presenting consumer‑protection and environmental challenges. Concerns have been raised over potential disregard for energy‑intensive mining’s impact on local power grids and carbon emissions. Others warn that dubbing activities like mining and staking as outside the scope of money‑transmitter laws could allow for unmonitored financial operations.

Industry experts and legal analysts note that the bill’s nuanced definitions — covering digital assets, hardware wallets, self‑hosted wallets, nodes and mining operations — constitute one of the more comprehensive legal frameworks for crypto in the US. Its allowance for pension funds to study digital‑asset ETF investment is also seen as a significant institutional development.

Under the bill, each state retirement system must submit a report within a year assessing the viability, advantages and risks of investing in digital‑asset ETFs, and offer recommendations to reduce exposure in case of such investments.

Should the full House and Senate pass the bill and the governor sign it, Ohio will rank among the most crypto‑welcoming states. Observers suggest that its balanced approach — mixing legal clarity, tax relief and targeted environmental zoning controls — may serve as a model for other jurisdictions exploring blockchain policy frameworks.

With the committee stage complete, attention now turns to the legislature’s upper chamber, where further amendments or debates may arise. Policy‑wonks will be watching for potential changes on environmental stipulations and consumer protections, as well as alterations to the tax‑exemption levels.

The U.S. Senate has enacted the GENIUS Act, the first-ever federal framework for regulating dollar‑pegged stablecoins, with a decisive 68–30 bipartisan vote on 17 June 2025. Eighteen Democrats joined Republicans in supporting the legislation, which now advances to the House and is expected to reshape Washington’s digital asset rules.

The bill mandates that stablecoin issuers back tokens with liquid assets such as U.S. Treasuries, require regular financial disclosures and adhere to anti‑money‑laundering measures. It grants banks the authority to issue stablecoins, while explicitly restricting executive branch officials and legislators from sharing in their profits—a direct response to concerns over conflicts of interest.

A surge in crypto-sector investment in political campaigns appears to have shifted momentum. Industry spending topped $119 million in support of pro‑crypto congressional candidates during the 2024 cycle. Lobbyists then intensified efforts to engage Democratic lawmakers, viewed as essential for reaching the 60-vote threshold in the evenly divided Senate.

Internal communications among Democratic operatives reveal strategic alignment with crypto backers. In a private group chat described in reporting by the Lever, coalition members acknowledged that, despite ethical concerns, opposing the industry would be “political suicide.” One member reportedly observed that any amendment targeting Trump‑family conflicts would be “DOA,” suggesting token amendments offered for optics rather than impact.

Legislators including Senator Elizabeth Warren have voiced misgivings, arguing that the bill inadequately shields consumers or addresses risks associated with big‑tech or foreign‑issued stablecoins. She contends it grants too much leeway to the likes of former President Donald Trump’s crypto ventures, such as the Trump memecoin and World Liberty Financial.

The crypto lobby’s efforts have extended beyond campaign funding to retention of influential political operatives. Coinbase, for instance, recently appointed veteran Democratic strategist David Plouffe to its advisory board, joining a roster of insiders from both parties. Observers note this reflects crypto’s emerging status as a “politically competitive” constituency.

The political dynamic has shifted decisively. As AP reports, Democrats are balancing distrust of Trump-linked crypto enterprises with newfound recognition of the sector’s electoral influence. Backing the GENIUS Act became for many a strategic necessity, notwithstanding deep ideological resistance to deregulation.

The Senate vote occurred amid broader legislative discussions. The CLARITY Act—aimed at clarifying agency jurisdiction across the SEC and CFTC—is under consideration in the House Financial Services Committee. Some lawmakers propose merging the stablecoin and authority-defining bills, though others caution it could delay the GENIUS Act’s passage.

Crypto industry leaders view the GENIUS Act as a critical precursor to more comprehensive legislation. Ledger’s Head of Global Policy, Seth Hertline, described the Senate’s action as “a political bellwether” for the sector’s broader legislative agenda.

The bill’s passage also intersects with Trump’s personal crypto interests. His family’s stablecoin projects have sparked accusations of profiteering and lobbying for relaxed oversight. Critics warn that current legislative safeguards fall short of preventing conflicts of interest.

The next phase lies in the House, where Republican leadership must reconcile the Senate’s GENIUS Act with its own STABLE Act or integrate it into broader regulatory plans. Some Republicans advocate adding provisions to limit central bank digital currency initiatives, though such measures may complicate Senate approval.

Major stablecoin issuers such as Tether and Circle —together controlling over $200 billion in supply—stand to gain regulatory clarity and legitimacy if the GENIUS Act becomes law. Recent moves by major corporates, including JPMorgan’s planned stablecoin on Coinbase’s Base chain and indications that Amazon and Walmart are exploring token issuance, signal growing private‑sector enthusiasm.

As the House deliberates, questions remain whether the Senate’s bipartisan vote marks the start of a fully fleshed-out U.S. crypto regulatory regime—or the culmination of a high-stakes battle between policy integrity and political pragmatism.

Coinbase has formally requested approval from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to offer tokenised equities in the country. The scheme would let users buy and trade digital tokens representing company shares, potentially enabling 24/7, faster, and lower-cost equity trading by leveraging blockchain technology. If successful, Coinbase could directly compete with established brokerages such as Robinhood and Charles Schwab.

This strategic initiative marks a pivotal expansion beyond crypto into traditional financial markets. Coinbase’s chief legal officer Paul Grewal described the push as a “huge priority,” emphasising the potential to establish a regulated framework for tokenised securities. To proceed, the company is seeking a “no-action letter” or an exemptive relief from the SEC—mechanisms that would allow official clearance to operate without enforcement action.

The tokenisation of shares aims to reduce transaction costs, accelerate settlement and expand market accessibility. Proponents believe that blockchain-based equities could revolutionise trading. However, global regulators have flagged challenges including low secondary-market liquidity and absence of unified global standards.

Coinbase’s renewed interest follows a prior attempt to introduce a tokenised version of its own stock at the time of its 2020 direct listing—an effort ultimately blocked by the SEC. Now, with the SEC’s evolving crypto task force and indications of a more favourable regulatory environment under the Trump-appointed leadership of acting chair Mark Uyeda, Coinbase envisages a window of opportunity.

Institutional enthusiasm appears to be rising, with CFO Alesia Haas noting that prior regulatory obstacles—“brick walls,” as she put it—may now be negotiable. CEO Brian Armstrong similarly asserted the potential for round-the-clock trading innovation and applauded engagement with the SEC’s crypto task force.

Despite this optimism, regulatory hurdles remain. Coinbase is not registered as a broker-dealer, and any platform facilitating trading in tokenized equities must satisfy existing legal requirements. The SEC had previously sued Coinbase in 2023, alleging the company operated an unregistered brokerage—a lawsuit later dismissed in 2025 under the Trump-appointed SEC leadership.

If granted a no-action letter, Coinbase would gain regulatory assurance that trading tokenised equities is compliant under current laws—a reassurance deemed critical to advance institutional adoption in the sector. Some industry commentators suggest that while tokenised equities are gaining traction internationally, U.S. regulatory clarity is key to unlocking broader institutional uptake.

Globally, exchanges like those operated by Kraken are already piloting tokenised shares—known as xStocks—in international markets outside the U.S.. These moves reflect a broader shift: analysts such as Colin Butler of Polygon have predicted tokenised real‑world assets could reach a market potential of up to $30 trillion in the long term.

Within the U.S., Coinbase has sought to shape the regulatory conversation. In March, the company submitted 36 detailed recommendations to SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce, articulating a blueprint for distinguishing between digital commodities and digital securities, and calling for secondary-market clarity. The SEC also hosted roundtable discussions earlier this year with industry participants on asset tokenisation, including former Coinbase counsel Alex Zozos.

Securing approval would align Coinbase with a mosaic of international initiatives exploring tokenised share trading, potentially enabling U.S. investors to trade equities with crypto-like efficiency. Yet adoption remains tied to demonstration of adequate liquidity, interoperability, and regulatory consistency—areas where global standards are still evolving.

While no timing for product rollout has been disclosed, Paul Grewal stressed that obtaining a no-action letter is essential to injecting confidence into institutional investors, paving the way for a new class of regulated digital securities.