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Musk responded on X to a post claiming that India’s birth rate had fallen below replacement level, writing that the trend had appeared “among those most educated” many years earlier. His comment drew attention because the Tesla and SpaceX chief has repeatedly argued that declining birth rates pose a long-term risk to economies, innovation and social stability.

The viral post said India’s fertility rate had fallen from 2.3 to 1.9 over a decade and cited Delhi’s rate at 1.2, among the lowest in the country. Official demographic data broadly support the decline, though the claim that the fall below replacement level has happened for the first time needs qualification. India’s total fertility rate stood at 1.9 in 2024, the same level recorded for 2023, meaning the country has already been below the conventional replacement threshold.

The latest figures mark a sharp departure from long-running anxieties about population growth. India, with an estimated population of more than 1.4 billion, overtook China as the world’s most populous country in 2023. Yet the fertility trend now points to a slower population expansion in the coming decades, with regional variation likely to shape labour supply, welfare planning and state-level fiscal priorities.

Delhi’s total fertility rate of 1.2 highlights the depth of the shift in urban centres, where higher education levels, later marriage, higher housing costs, career pressures and rising aspirations have contributed to smaller families. Several southern and western states have also remained below replacement level for years, while parts of northern and central India continue to record comparatively higher fertility.

Only a small group of states remains above the replacement threshold. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand continue to report fertility levels above 2.1, keeping national population momentum alive even as most states move towards smaller family norms. The divergence has implications for political representation, public finance and migration, particularly as lower-fertility states age faster while higher-fertility states continue to add younger workers.

Demographers distinguish between a falling fertility rate and immediate population decline. India’s population will continue to grow for some time because of demographic momentum: a large base of people in reproductive age groups will keep births high even when the average number of children per woman falls. The larger policy issue is not a sudden fall in population, but the speed at which the age structure changes.

Musk’s intervention reflects a view he has voiced across countries, including Japan, South Korea, China and several European economies, where low fertility has triggered concerns about shrinking workforces and mounting pressure on pension and health systems. His comment on India stands out because the country has long been seen as a counterweight to ageing economies, with a large young population expected to support growth.

India’s demographic advantage remains substantial, but the window is not permanent. A lower fertility rate can help families invest more in each child’s education and health, while also reducing pressure on land, housing and public services. At the same time, it places greater urgency on job creation, women’s workforce participation, skilling, healthcare and pension coverage before the population ages more visibly.

Education plays a central role in the fertility shift. Women with greater access to schooling and employment tend to marry later and have fewer children. Urbanisation has reinforced the trend by raising the cost of child-rearing and changing family expectations. The pattern is not unique to India, but its scale is significant because of the country’s population size and uneven development across regions.

The decline also complicates older political narratives around population control. States that achieved lower fertility earlier have argued that they should not be penalised in future federal arrangements, while states with higher fertility still face pressure to improve education, healthcare and women’s economic participation. Any future delimitation of parliamentary seats is likely to bring these tensions into sharper focus.

Public health indicators add another layer to the debate. Lower fertility often accompanies improvements in child survival, maternal health and access to contraception. However, uneven access to quality healthcare, nutrition and education means the benefits are not distributed equally. Rural families, poorer households and marginalised communities may face different constraints from urban professional families choosing to have fewer children.

India’s policy challenge is therefore more complex than simply reversing a fertility decline or celebrating it. The country must prepare for a future in which some regions face ageing and labour shortages while others continue to supply young workers. That will require better migration planning, stronger urban infrastructure, more reliable social security and greater investment in human capital.

Vrishabh Mahendra Gangurde, a resident of Mahim, fell ill during the “Klangkuenstler All Night Long” event at the NSCI Dome in the early hours of Sunday. He was taken for medical care after his condition deteriorated, but was declared dead. A female companion who also complained of uneasiness was admitted to hospital, where she remained under observation.

Police have not confirmed drug consumption and are awaiting the post-mortem and forensic findings before drawing a conclusion on the cause of death. Early information available to investigators indicates that the two had consumed alcohol, while the possibility of other substances has not been ruled out. Officers are recording statements of organisers, staff, security personnel, attendees and medical responders to establish the sequence of events inside the venue.

The case has drawn added attention because Mumbai is already dealing with the fallout from another fatal overdose-linked concert case earlier this year. Two management students died after allegedly consuming ecstasy pills at a music event in Goregaon in April, while another woman required hospitalisation. That investigation led to multiple arrests, including alleged suppliers, intermediaries and venue-linked personnel, and pushed police to examine whether large ticketed events were being used by small drug networks to target young attendees.

The Worli incident has now renewed scrutiny of how nightlife events are managed in the city, particularly those running through the night and drawing large crowds. Investigators are expected to check entry controls, availability of medical teams, CCTV coverage, emergency response time, alcohol service protocols and whether organisers had complied with permission conditions. The NSCI Dome, one of Mumbai’s prominent indoor venues, regularly hosts concerts, exhibitions, sports events and corporate gatherings.

Police are also examining whether there was adequate coordination between the organiser, venue management, private security and local authorities. Event permissions for large gatherings generally require compliance with safety norms, crowd-control measures, fire clearances, medical support and restrictions on illegal substances. Any lapse in implementation could invite action under relevant police and municipal provisions.

The performer Klangkuenstler, a German techno artist known for high-energy warehouse-style sets, has a significant following among electronic music audiences. All-night electronic music events have expanded across major cities as promoters tap into demand for global DJs, premium venue experiences and late-night entertainment. The sector has grown quickly, but safety systems have not always kept pace with rising attendance, alcohol access and the risks associated with synthetic drugs.

Medical experts have repeatedly warned that dehydration, heat, alcohol, stimulants and prolonged dancing can combine dangerously in crowded venues. Symptoms such as confusion, collapse, chest pain, overheating, seizures and loss of consciousness require immediate intervention. Synthetic stimulants, including MDMA or ecstasy, can sharply increase body temperature and heart strain, especially when mixed with alcohol or taken in unknown quantities.

For investigators, the immediate challenge is to separate speculation from evidence. A suspected overdose cannot be treated as a confirmed cause until toxicology and post-mortem reports are complete. At the same time, the death of a young attendee at a high-profile venue gives police grounds to examine whether illegal substances circulated inside or around the event and whether organisers had systems to prevent such access.

Mumbai Police have been under pressure to tighten checks after the Goregaon deaths. Measures under discussion after that case included stricter frisking, more accountability for organisers, improved CCTV coverage, better coordination with venue staff and possible deployment of plain-clothes personnel at high-risk events. The Worli death could accelerate those discussions, particularly if forensic findings point to substance use or operational lapses.

The response came after the won slipped past psychologically important levels against the dollar, intensifying concern among policymakers over inflation, capital flows and financial stability. Finance Minister Koo Yun-cheol convened senior economic officials and signalled that Seoul would act quickly if market moves became excessive, while the Bank of Korea and financial regulators kept watch on trading patterns across currency, bond and equity markets.

The won traded around the 1,520 range against the dollar after touching levels not seen for years, reflecting a mix of domestic and external pressures. Higher energy import costs, a strong dollar, portfolio outflows and demand for overseas investments have combined to weaken the currency despite South Korea’s current account surplus and continued strength in key export sectors.

Authorities are seeking to draw a line between normal market adjustment and disorderly moves that could spill into inflation expectations or funding conditions. Their measures are focused on sharper surveillance of foreign exchange transactions, closer coordination among financial agencies and readiness to respond to speculative flows that amplify one-way bets against the currency.

Seoul has avoided announcing broad capital controls, mindful of its ambition to deepen market access and secure developed-market recognition from global index providers. Instead, officials are relying on targeted stabilisation tools, verbal intervention and coordination with major institutional investors to smooth dollar demand. The National Pension Service remains central to those efforts because of the scale of its overseas investment activity and its potential impact on dollar-won liquidity.

The currency’s slide has complicated the Bank of Korea’s policy choices. Inflation rose to 3.1 per cent in May, the highest level in more than two years, pushed up by petroleum products and international travel costs. A weaker won increases the local-currency cost of imported fuel, food and raw materials, raising the risk that price pressures remain above the central bank’s 2 per cent target for longer than expected.

Rate policy now sits at the intersection of slowing growth, currency stability and household debt risks. A rate increase could support the won and restrain inflation, but it would add pressure on consumers and businesses already facing tighter financing conditions. Holding rates steady could protect domestic demand, but might leave the currency exposed if dollar strength persists or foreign investors continue to rebalance away from won assets.

Market pressure has also been shaped by South Korea’s stock market boom and its role in global technology supply chains. The country’s chipmakers and artificial intelligence-linked companies drew heavy investor interest, but sharp gains have also encouraged profit-taking and portfolio reallocation. When offshore investors sell equities or hedge exposure, demand for dollars can rise, adding to currency volatility.

Exporters have not provided the same level of support to the won that authorities might have expected during previous cycles. Companies with large overseas revenues have been cautious about converting dollar earnings, partly because of expectations of further currency weakness and partly because global investment plans require foreign currency holdings. That has deepened the imbalance between dollar demand and supply.

South Korea’s external position remains stronger than the currency’s movement alone suggests. The economy continues to benefit from semiconductor exports, sizeable foreign reserves and a sophisticated financial system. Yet the won has become more sensitive to swings in global risk appetite, partly because households, pension funds and institutional investors have increased overseas securities purchases over the past several years.

The government’s challenge is to calm markets without appearing to defend a fixed exchange-rate level. Officials have framed their intervention as an effort to prevent excessive volatility rather than reverse market fundamentals. That distinction matters because heavy-handed action could invite criticism from trading partners and undermine Seoul’s commitment to market liberalisation.

The United States and South Korea have already discussed currency stability, with both sides describing excessive volatility in the won as undesirable. Those consultations add a diplomatic layer to Seoul’s response, especially as South Korea balances foreign exchange concerns with large investment commitments abroad and shifting trade policy under Washington’s current tariff regime.

A special highlight is Sun Group’s unveiling of its new development vision for Phu Quoc in the lead‑up to APEC 2027, presented directly to Korean partners and visitors.

From the first day of the fair, Sun Group’s booth has welcomed a steady stream of visitors. Throughout the four-day event, the booth has organized B2B and B2C networking activities, customer consultations, and introductions to tourism, resort, and aviation products. Interactive programs, including mini-games, souvenir giveaways, and tailored offers for the Korean market, have kept the atmosphere lively for hours, with a continuous flow of engaged visitors.

During SITF (June 4–7), travelers have the opportunity to receive a 20% discount on the base fare when booking Sun PhuQuoc Airways tickets via the airline’s website or app. The offer applies to the Korean market for one‑way or round‑trip journeys from Korea to Phu Quoc. Limited to 200 Economy Class discount codes, it is valid for flights from June 15 to October 24, 2026 (excluding peak periods as defined by the airline).

Visitors also have the chance to win attractive prizes through booth activities, including free round‑trip air tickets on the Seoul–Phu Quoc route (ICN–PQC) and resort vouchers at hotels within Sun Group’s ecosystem.

By combining destination promotion with airline incentives, Sun Group aims to further encourage South Korean tourists to choose Vietnam for their upcoming holidays, especially Phu Quoc, which is entering a new era of large‑scale investments in projects, products, and experiences all aimed at APEC 2027.

Hashtag: #SunGroup

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About Sun Group

Vietnam’s leading private economic group, Sun Group operates an integrated ecosystem spanning tourism, entertainment, hospitality, real estate, infrastructure, and aviation. Guided by the mission “Enhancing the beauty of the lands,” the Group shapes iconic destinations nationwide through its Sun World entertainment brand. In the aviation sector, Sun Group develops a hub-and-spoke model anchored by Phu Quoc, driven by strategic airport investments and Sun PhuQuoc Airways.

Wing Kai New Energy X QIJI Energy X C&D Hi-Tech

HONG KONG SAR – Media OutReach Newswire – 5 June 2026 – The 19th (2026) International Photovoltaic Power Generation and Smart Energy Exhibition & Conference (SNEC 2026) was grandly held from June 3 to 5, 2026, at the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai). Attracting over 3,000 exhibitors from 95 countries worldwide, the event stands as the largest and most influential professional grand gathering for the photovoltaic and energy storage sectors across Asia and globally.

During the exhibition, Mr. Yiu Wang Lee, Chairman of the Board of Wing Lee Development Construction Holdings Limited (“Wing Lee” or the “Group”, stock code: 9639.HK); Mr. Cai Huihui, General Manager of Wing Kai New Energy Technology Co., Limited (“Wing Kai New Energy”); Mr. Wang Yi, Key Account Manager of QIJI Energy; Mr. Xu Jun, Overseas Energy Storage Commercial Director of Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL); and Mr. You Yuxian, ASEAN Regional Energy Storage Sales Director of CATL, jointly visited the exhibition booth of C&D Hi-Tech. The delegation engaged in in-depth discussions with the team led by General Manager Mr. Zhan Shengli, focusing on battery swapping station projects in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. By integrating multi-party resources, the teams successfully finalized and signed a Strategic Cooperation Agreement.

Through this signing, the three parties will join forces to address and resolve the industry pain points of overseas markets regarding regulatory compliance, engineering infrastructure, and supply chain coordination. The collaboration represents a deep integration of QIJI Energy’s cutting-edge battery swapping solutions, Wing Kai New Energy’s localized infrastructure and operational capabilities across Hong Kong and Shenzhen, and C&D Hi-Tech’s robust global resource allocation strengths. Moving from single-project development to an ecosystem of mutual win-win, this partnership will significantly enhance the delivery efficiency of green energy across Hong Kong, Macau, and the Southeast Asian region, setting a brand-new benchmark for regional zero-carbon smart transportation.

As a subsidiary of Wing Lee, Wing Kai New Energy has been rooted in Hong Kong since its inception while radiating its presence globally, deeply cultivating sustainable clean energy solutions. Addressing the acute pain points in the Greater Bay Area and Southeast Asian markets, where rapid fluctuations in energy prices have led to surging cost pressures for logistics distribution enterprises, Wing Kai New Energy will focus on urban distribution logistics battery swapping businesses in the future. The company plans to integrate site resources, infrastructure, and operations to fill the gap in regional infrastructure. We firmly believe that this cooperation will effectively bridge the cross-border green energy eco-link, accelerate the construction of a green energy service network, and contribute solidly to the realization of the “dual carbon” goals. Meanwhile, we sincerely invite more partners to join the Zero-Carbon Smart Alliance to jointly advance sustainable development.

Hashtag: #WingLee

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About Wing Lee Development Construction Holdings Limited

Deeply rooted in Hong Kong, Wing Lee is an established contractor engaged in civil engineering, electrical and mechanical engineering, and new energy businesses, and has participated in various large-scale landmark projects in Hong Kong. The Group’s civil engineering business specialized in site formation waterworks as well as road and drainage works, while its electrical and mechanical engineering business specializes in power system-related projects and emergency maintenance works. In recent years, the Group has actively expanded into the new energy sector, undertaking solar photovoltaic projects, distributing various electric commercial vehicles and electric construction machinery, and engaging in the construction and subsequent maintenance of charging piles, battery swapping, recycling, and energy storage businesses. In 2025, Wing Lee Construction, together with SANY Group Co., Ltd. and CATL, among other industry giants, founded the “Zero-Carbon Smart Alliance” to develop full-industry-chain solutions for photovoltaics, energy storage, charging and battery swapping, and smart applications in green transportation.

The delegation of over 70 business and institutional leaders from Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland is the largest and most diverse overseas mission led by the current term of the HKSAR Government so far.

Speaking to the media in Uzbekistan yesterday (June 4), Mr Lee set out the three main objectives of the visit: further explore emerging markets and lay the foundation for long-term economic and trade development; strengthen government-to-government (G2G) relationships and promote closer bilateral co-operation; and build a “hub-to-hub” model of co-operation.

He said the visit had been successful, yielding achievements in eight areas, including:

• Establishing high-level contacts and ties between the HKSAR Government and the Governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and reaching consensus on co-operation in multiple areas;
• A total of 96 co-operation agreements and memoranda of understanding (MoUs) were reached during the visit (61 with Kazakhstan, 35 with Uzbekistan), involving specific amounts exceeding US$1.65 billion in total;
• The governments agreed to commence bilateral discussions on agreements in various areas;
• Deepening project matching and research collaboration between Hong Kong and Central Asian region in areas including finance, innovation and technology (I&T), and aviation;
• Demonstrating Hong Kong’s effective role as a platform for going global and achieving substantial results, with Hong Kong and Mainland enterprises joining forces in tapping new markets and bringing synergistic advantages into full play;
• Facilitating more convenient people-to-people exchanges by promoting direct flights, aviation and transport co-operation, and extensions to the mutual visa-free period;
• Promoting exchanges in education, talent and culture to further deepen people-to-people bonds; and
• Advancing a hub-to-hub co-operation model to open up broader room for co-operation between Hong Kong and the Central Asian region.

While in Tashkent (June 3-5), Mr Lee met with local leaders, government officials and business representatives to deepen co-operation between Hong Kong and Uzbekistan in areas including trade, investment, finance, I&T, and people-to-people exchanges.

Mr Lee held meetings with the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev, his Advisor on Strategic Development, Sardor Umurzakov, the Prime Minister, Abdulla Nigmatovich Aripov, as well as the Deputy Prime Minister, Jamshid Khodjayev, to exchange views on furthering mutual co-operation.

Mr Lee highlighted that under the “one country, two systems” principle, Hong Kong enjoys both the China advantage and the global advantage. He said that Hong Kong would continue to play its roles as a “super connector” and a “super value-adder” to further deepen co-operation and exchanges with Uzbekistan on various fronts in line with Uzbekistan’s goal of achieving high-quality development.

Earlier (June 3), Mr Lee met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan, Bakhtiyor Saidov, after which they jointly witnessed an exchange of notes between the two places on a mutual visa-free arrangement, which would allow a visa-free period of 30 days for visitors from both sides.

“Moreover, we are glad to have initialed the Air Services Agreement with Uzbekistan, and look forward to launching direct passenger flights between the two places soon,” Mr Lee said, during a high-level business dinner (June 4). The Chief Executive pointed out that Hong Kong and Uzbekistan are important trade and investment gateways to their respective regions – the Asia-Pacific and Central Asia.

“It helps that we are all believers in the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative, a modern expression of the ancient Silk Road spirit,” Mr Lee said. “Today, China is Uzbekistan’s largest trading partner, and the two countries work closely on major infrastructure and connectivity projects that are revitalising the Silk Road. Hong Kong is a pivotal player in the B&R Initiative, thanks to our world-class professional and financial services expertise.”

The delegation also toured the IT Park Uzbekistan and the Center for Islamic Civilization before concluding its visit in Tashkent.

Hashtag: #HongKong #BrandHongKong #CentralAsia #Kazakhstan #Uzbekistan

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As an innovative driver of global payment solutions, Epay made a powerful international impression by showcasing its robust product matrix and vertical industry solutions. Amidst this prestigious gathering of top-tier global decision-makers, Epay emerged as a focal point of the event, drawing significant industry attention with its specialized sector expertise and deep compliance capabilities.

Throughout the event, the Epay booth buzzed with high-energy discussions as a steady stream of industry leaders and representatives gathered for consultations. Against the backdrop of an evolving global trade landscape, the strategic synergy and bidirectional flow between high-growth markets in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region emerged as a primary focus for many attending businesses.

On the floor, Epay’s expert team provided in-depth, tailored consultations for fintech peers, social media platforms, digital marketing agencies, and B2B trading enterprises. Addressing complex pain points such as global pan-entertainment payouts and cross-border supply chain fund flows, the team demonstrated Epay’s core global collection and payout capabilities alongside its flexible API solutions, precisely empowering businesses to expand internationally.

Furthermore, the Epay team engaged in deep-dive strategic dialogues with local commercial banks, international clearing organizations, and financial experts from various countries. Moving forward, Epay remains dedicated to expanding robust local payment networks, leveraging its forward-looking vision to power the global digital economy.

Hashtag: #EPay

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About Epay

Forging Ahead, Driving Digital Growth
The curtain has fallen, but a new journey has just begun. For Epay, the conclusion of this international expedition marks the starting point for a new chapter in empowering global growth.

Standing at the forefront of the global digital economy, Epay remains committed to security as its foundation and innovation as its driving force, continuously building a compliant and rock-solid fintech infrastructure. Looking ahead, Epay will continue to dissolve geographical and financial barriers, marching alongside visionaries worldwide. We look forward to leveraging an even more forward-looking ecosystem to safeguard the global expansion of cross-border enterprises.

With past milestones honored and the future ahead, we look forward to seeing you at our next stop—ChinaJoy in Shanghai!

Since its official inclusion in NVIDIA’s approved and recommended vendor lists for server chassis and rack components in September 2025, Karrie has continually advanced its collaborations based on the NVIDIA MGX architecture and DGX-related platforms. During COMPUTEX this year, Karrie’s relevant server products and mechanical solutions have been featured prominently across the booths of major technology giants, showcasing its milestone achievements spanning from front-end R&D and collaborative design to back-end precision manufacturing. As highlighted by Karrie’s official statement during the exhibition: “We are proud to support NVIDIA MGX™ and be part of the ecosystem shaping the next generation of AI factories.”

Mechanical Technology Upgrade: Transitioning from Traditional Chassis to Full-Scale AI Mechanical Integration to Accelerate Hardware Deployment

As the industry undergoes this generational technological shift, mechanical engineering has become a critical part of system readiness. Behind every advanced AI computing platform is a robust, precise, and production-ready mechanical foundation—from rack-level structures and server chassis to key brackets, frames, and other precision assemblies that support system integration, serviceability, and large-scale deployment.

Leveraging decades of experience in server chassis, precision metal and plastic components, tooling development, automation, and high-volume manufacturing, Karrie consistently turns complex AI server and rack-level requirements into practical, production-ready, and deployment-flexible mechanical solutions. These capabilities support customers in accelerating their infrastructure rollouts based on the NVIDIA MGX architecture and the next-generation NVIDIA Vera Rubin platform.

Deeply Aligned with the Core Supply Chain: Early Engineering Involvement Empowers Tech Leaders Toward Volume Deployment

At COMPUTEX 2026, in addition to NVIDIA, multiple system integrators and ODM partners also showcased Karrie’s 1U, 2U, and 6U series AI chassis and rack-related products developed based on the MGX architecture. This extensive display fully demonstrates Karrie’s executive capability in delivering comprehensive engineering solutions and rapid prototyping, solidifying its position as a highly engaged mechanical engineering partner in the global AI supply chain.

Strategic Positioning for the Future of Intelligent Computing: Serving as a Trusted Mechanical Partner to Build the Physical Foundation for Accelerated Computing

As AI factories continue to scale worldwide, Karrie is committed to serving as a trusted mechanical engineering strategic partner for global technology leaders. The Group will continue to deepen its collaboration with world-class chipmakers, server brands, and cloud service providers to build the ultimate physical foundation for the accelerated computing ecosystem.

Karrie — A Leading Mechanical Partner for Global AI Computing Infrastructure.

Hashtag: #嘉利 #Karrie #COMPUTEX2026 #NVIDIA

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Karrie International Holdings Limited

The exemption, effective from 1 April 2026, covers interest income and capital gains arising from the sale, exchange or transfer of specified government securities by eligible foreign institutional investors and the Bank for International Settlements. President Droupadi Murmu signed the Income-tax Ordinance, 2026 while Parliament was not in session, amending the new direct tax framework that took effect at the start of the financial year.

Foreign investors had been subject to long-term capital gains tax of 12.5% on listed bonds held for more than 12 months and withholding tax of 20% on interest from government securities. By removing the tax burden for eligible investors, the Centre is seeking to improve post-tax returns and make rupee debt more competitive at a time when global funds are weighing currency risk, oil-market volatility and geopolitical uncertainty.

The policy shift comes as the rupee has weakened by more than 5% this year, pressured by crude prices and sustained foreign selling in equities. The currency recovered after the announcement of measures aimed at attracting foreign currency inflows, but traders continued to watch oil prices, reserve levels and the central bank’s market operations for signs of durable support.

Reserve Bank of India kept the policy repo rate unchanged at 5.25% and announced steps to encourage dollar inflows, including support for foreign-currency borrowing by public sector entities, incentives for non-resident deposits and a longer window for exporters to repatriate proceeds. The central bank also revised its growth forecast to 6.6% and raised its inflation estimate to 5.1%, underlining the pressure created by imported energy costs.

The tax relief is aimed at deepening overseas participation in government securities after the inclusion of rupee bonds in major global debt benchmarks. Fully accessible route bonds have already been added to J. P. Morgan’s emerging market debt index and Bloomberg’s emerging market local currency index, widening the pool of passive and active investors that can allocate funds to sovereign debt. A separate decision on inclusion in broader global bond benchmarks is being watched by investors because it could influence medium-term flows.

Debt inflows have remained more resilient than equity flows, but the scale has not been sufficient to offset pressure from the current account and stock-market exits. Foreign investors have pulled large sums from equities this year, while government debt has continued to attract selective buying. Higher hedging costs and expectations of currency weakness have limited enthusiasm among some global investors despite the comparatively attractive yield on rupee bonds.

Market participants expect the tax exemption to help long-only funds, pension funds, sovereign investors and reserve managers that focus on net returns after tax. The measure could also support liquidity in benchmark government securities and reduce borrowing costs at the margin if foreign demand rises. For the Centre, a broader investor base would help absorb a large borrowing programme without placing excessive pressure on domestic banks and insurance companies.

The effect may still depend on factors beyond tax policy. Currency stability, inflation expectations, oil prices, fiscal credibility and the central bank’s approach to liquidity will shape overseas appetite. Investors that hedge currency exposure must still account for hedging costs, while those that remain unhedged face the risk of rupee depreciation wiping out yield gains.

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has set out a policy proposal calling for the rebuilding of between two and five reactors by the 2040s and up to 14 by the 2050s. The plan would add about 16 gigawatts of nuclear capacity, helping the country meet rising electricity demand from artificial intelligence, data centres, advanced manufacturing and wider electrification.

The proposal reflects a major shift in Japan’s energy strategy. After the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in March 2011, Japan shut all 54 operating reactors, leaving the world’s third-largest economy more dependent on imported liquefied natural gas, coal and oil. Only 15 of the 33 remaining operable reactors have returned to service, while many units face retirement pressure as they approach or exceed their permitted 60-year operating life.

Tokyo’s latest energy plan targets nuclear power at around 20 per cent of electricity generation by fiscal 2040, while renewables are expected to provide 40 to 50 per cent. Thermal power, which still accounts for a large share of supply, is expected to decline but remain important for grid stability and emergency backup. The policy removes earlier language about reducing reliance on nuclear power, replacing it with a call to maximise the use of both renewables and atomic energy.

The renewed push is driven by a combination of economic and geopolitical pressures. Japan imports most of its energy, leaving households and industry exposed to volatile fuel prices, shipping risks and currency swings. The war in Ukraine, instability in the Middle East and tighter global gas markets have strengthened the case within government for expanding domestic low-carbon baseload power.

Electricity demand, which had been broadly flat for years, is also expected to turn higher. The spread of AI computing, semiconductor plants, battery factories and digital infrastructure has increased concern that inadequate power supply could weaken Japan’s ability to attract investment. Officials view nuclear energy as a way to provide stable, large-scale electricity without increasing carbon emissions.

The plan is likely to benefit major utilities including Tokyo Electric Power, Kansai Electric Power, Kyushu Electric Power and Chubu Electric Power, although the sector still faces high regulatory, financial and social hurdles. Reactor replacement requires local consent, safety approval, heavy capital spending and long construction timelines. Japan has not built a new reactor since before Fukushima, and public trust remains fragile.

Safety concerns remain the central political obstacle. The Fukushima disaster, triggered by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, forced mass evacuations and left deep scepticism about official oversight of the nuclear industry. Questions over seismic risk, evacuation planning, spent fuel storage and operator transparency continue to shape public debate, particularly in communities near existing plants.

Controversies have added to the challenge. Chubu Electric has faced scrutiny over falsified seismic risk assessment data at the Hamaoka nuclear plant, a facility long viewed as sensitive because of its location in an earthquake-prone area. Incidents of that kind reinforce concerns among critics who argue that Japan should prioritise renewables, storage, grid upgrades and efficiency rather than committing to another generation of nuclear infrastructure.

Supporters counter that renewables alone will not meet Japan’s industrial needs quickly enough, given land constraints, permitting delays and the intermittency of solar and wind power. Offshore wind has long-term potential, while next-generation solar technologies such as perovskite cells are being promoted, but large-scale deployment will take time. Nuclear advocates argue that replacing old reactors with advanced designs could improve safety and reliability while supporting climate targets.

The government’s approach is to rebuild reactors at existing or decommissioned nuclear sites rather than open entirely new locations, a strategy designed to reduce political resistance and use established grid infrastructure. Next-generation reactors are expected to incorporate stronger passive safety systems and improved resilience against natural disasters, although costs and construction schedules remain uncertain.