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That debate has sharpened after comments by Arun Subramaniyan, founder and chief executive of Articul8, who argued that India’s AI trajectory should not be framed as a choice between sovereign control and cultural depth, but as a need for both. His view comes at a time when the public and private sectors are moving from broad enthusiasm around generative AI to harder questions of ownership, trust, utility and scale.

The timing is notable. Under the IndiaAI Mission, the government has been expanding support for domestic compute, foundational models, datasets, skills and applications, while official messaging at the India AI Impact Summit in February cast sovereign AI as a strategic capability rather than a branding exercise. Government-backed efforts such as BharatGen have also been positioned as multilingual, multimodal systems designed around the country’s linguistic diversity and socio-cultural context. Together, those moves show that the argument for AI sovereignty in India is no longer limited to who owns the model or where the servers sit. It is increasingly about whether AI built for India can understand how people speak, work and make decisions across vastly different regions and sectors.

Subramaniyan’s intervention adds another layer to that discussion. He has suggested that sovereignty on its own can become too narrow if it is treated only as a matter of defence, infrastructure or control. In his framing, heritage matters because AI systems that ignore local language, history and context risk becoming technically impressive but socially shallow. That point has growing resonance as global concern rises over English-heavy training data, cultural blind spots and the danger that smaller languages may become underrepresented in the next generation of digital tools.

For India, the heritage argument carries practical as well as symbolic importance. A country with hundreds of languages, wide variations in literacy and deep differences in economic activity cannot rely on AI products optimised only for Western datasets or metropolitan users. Voice interfaces, translation layers, domain-specific copilots and public-service tools all perform better when they are trained on the speech patterns, terminology and workflows of the people expected to use them. This is why multilingual model development has moved from a niche research issue to a core policy concern.

At the same time, the enterprise case is becoming clearer. Many companies have discovered that generic large language models can help with drafting, summarising and coding, but struggle when deployed in regulated or mission-critical environments without access to internal knowledge. The more valuable opportunity lies in turning proprietary documents, engineering manuals, transaction records, legal archives and operational know-how into structured intelligence that can support decisions. That is the commercial logic behind domain-specific AI, and it helps explain why firms such as Articul8 are pitching secure, enterprise-grade systems built around private data rather than public internet corpora alone.

This shift also reflects a broader global pattern. Corporate surveys and advisory research have shown that many organisations remain stuck between pilot projects and real productivity gains, largely because governance, data quality and workflow integration have lagged behind excitement over model capabilities. In practice, companies tend to get stronger returns when AI is tied to specific functions and high-value use cases rather than treated as a general-purpose novelty. For banks, manufacturers, energy groups and healthcare providers, that often means models that can work inside tightly controlled environments and understand sector language with precision.

India’s opportunity may lie in combining these two strands. One is sovereign capability: domestic compute, public datasets, local model development and policy oversight. The other is heritage depth: linguistic coverage, cultural nuance and knowledge systems that reflect the country’s own realities. The third, emerging alongside them, is institutional depth inside enterprises, where AI can turn decades of accumulated expertise into a working asset instead of leaving it trapped in silos.

There are, however, risks in the current moment. A strong sovereign AI narrative can drift into protectionism or technological duplication if it becomes a race to mimic every frontier model at any cost. Heritage-focused rhetoric can also become vague if it is not matched by usable datasets, benchmark standards and transparent governance. Enterprises face a different danger: spending heavily on AI assistants that are poorly connected to business processes, weak on accuracy and difficult to audit.

Beijing has pushed its reusable space programme a step further with the launch of an experimental spacecraft that state media described as a technology-verification mission, underlining how the country is trying to cut launch costs, raise flight tempo and broaden the range of missions it can carry out in orbit. The spacecraft was launched on 7 February aboard a Long March-2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China, in what was the fourth publicly disclosed mission of this type since 2020.

Chinese authorities released only a brief account of the flight, saying the spacecraft would verify reusable-spacecraft technologies and support the peaceful use of space. No official duration was given, and no details were provided on the systems being tested, the orbit reached or the vehicle’s configuration. That secrecy has become a hallmark of the programme and makes it difficult to judge exactly how far the technology has advanced, but the pattern of repeated flights suggests a sustained effort rather than a one-off demonstration.

Chronology matters here. China’s first disclosed flight in September 2020 lasted about two days. A second spacecraft launched in August 2022 stayed in orbit for 276 days before landing in May 2023. A third mission, launched in late 2023, returned in September 2024 after 268 days in orbit. Those longer flights point to growing confidence in long-duration autonomous operations, recovery procedures and mission endurance. Outside observers have often compared the craft with the United States’ X-37B-style approach to reusable uncrewed orbital vehicles, though Beijing has not publicly confirmed such comparisons.

This mission also fits into a much wider acceleration in Chinese space activity. On 7 April, China used a Long March-8 rocket from the Hainan commercial launch site to place 18 internet satellites into orbit for the Qianfan constellation. On 11 April, it carried out a sea launch using a Smart Dragon-3 rocket from waters off Guangdong, sending up a test satellite aimed at supporting satellite internet technology. Taken together, those launches show a programme expanding on several fronts at once: reusable vehicles, commercial launch infrastructure and large low-Earth-orbit communications networks.

Beyond low-Earth orbit, China is tying these advances to a broader national space agenda. Beijing is aiming for a crewed lunar landing by 2030 and is developing the Long March-10 rocket, the Mengzhou spacecraft and the Lanyue lunar lander for that effort. At the same time, the Chang’e-7 lunar probe is scheduled for launch in the second half of 2026. That means the reusable-spacecraft programme should be viewed less as an isolated experiment than as one part of an expanding architecture that spans launch systems, spacecraft design, lunar exploration and space-based connectivity.

Money and industrial policy are also shaping the picture. Reuters has reported that Beijing is funnelling more support towards private launch companies as it tries to build capacity for large satellite constellations and reduce reliance on state-owned providers alone. CAS Space has targeted fresh capital for reusable rocket research, while LandSpace and other firms are also turning to capital markets. Separate policy changes have given reusable-rocket developers a faster route to listing, provided they meet technical milestones, showing how closely commercial launch activity is now aligned with national strategic goals.

Yet the programme’s momentum should not be mistaken for mastery. China is advancing, but it is still chasing a lead established by SpaceX in frequent booster recovery and reflight. On 3 April, Space Pioneer said the maiden flight of its Tianlong-3 reusable rocket had failed, and Reuters reported that no Chinese firm had yet demonstrated the ability to recover and reuse a rocket’s main stage. LandSpace plans another recovery test for its Zhuque-3 rocket this year, while the Long March-12B reusable rocket completed a static firing test in January ahead of later flight missions. Progress is visible, but so are the engineering gaps.

Jack Ma-backed Yunfeng Capital and Hillhouse Investment are among investors said to be planning to buy shares in Victory Giant Technology’s Hong Kong share sale, a deal that could raise about $2 billion and add fresh momentum to the city’s revival as a venue for large equity offerings. Bloomberg reported on Friday that the Guangdong-based company could begin taking investor orders as early as Monday, though the proposed allocations and timing were described as private and subject to change.

Victory Giant, formally known as Victory Giant Technology Co., Ltd., is already listed in Shenzhen and filed an application proof for a Hong Kong offering in February. The draft filing makes clear that the process was still incomplete at that stage and that no investment decision should be based on the draft document alone, a reminder that the final terms, investor line-up and valuation could still shift before launch. China’s securities regulator had already given the green light for the offering in early March, according to Bloomberg’s earlier reporting.

The company sits in a part of the technology supply chain that has drawn growing investor attention as spending on artificial intelligence infrastructure accelerates. Victory Giant makes printed circuit boards, including high-layer-count multilayer boards and high-build-up high-density interconnect boards used in AI accelerator cards, AI servers and high-speed networking equipment. In its Hong Kong filing, the company said such products are designed for high-frequency, high-speed and high-stability applications and are used in components including GPU accelerator modules, CPU motherboards and network interface cards for AI servers.

Its own figures point to a sharp improvement in financial performance as demand for those products strengthened. According to the application proof, revenue rose from RMB7.93 billion in 2023 to RMB10.73 billion in 2024. For the nine months to September 30, 2025, profit climbed to RMB3.24 billion from RMB764.6 million a year earlier, while the net profit margin rose to 23.0% from 9.9%. The filing attributes a large part of that jump to stronger demand for high-end HDI products used in AI-related applications, which command higher prices and fatter margins.

That performance helps explain why anchor demand matters. Cornerstone-style support from investors such as Yunfeng and Hillhouse would give the offering greater signalling power at a time when fund managers are trying to separate durable AI-linked manufacturers from companies benefiting only from short-lived enthusiasm. Neither investor had publicly confirmed participation at the time of Bloomberg’s report, so any description of their role remains conditional until final deal documents are published.

Victory Giant’s filing also underlines the industrial logic behind the listing. The company says it plans to use proceeds for capacity expansion, infrastructure enhancement and equipment purchases in Huizhou, Changsha and Yiyang, as well as investment in smart manufacturing. In Huizhou alone, it expects capacity additions for premium high-layer-count multilayer boards and high-build-up HDI products, reflecting management’s bet that demand tied to AI computing, data centres and advanced electronics will stay strong enough to justify further capital expenditure.

Industry data included in the filing suggest the company is positioning itself in one of the faster-growing corners of the electronics market. The application proof says the global PCB market grew to US$75.0 billion in 2024 and could reach US$93.7 billion by 2029. It estimates the PCB segment tied to AI and high-performance computing at US$6.0 billion in 2024, with that figure projected to rise to US$15.0 billion by 2029. The same filing says Victory Giant ranked first globally in the first half of 2025 for high-layer-count multilayer PCBs with 14 layers and above, and also first globally in high-build-up HDI PCB in that period. Those market-share claims are drawn from third-party industry research cited by the company and should be read in that context.

The backdrop in Hong Kong is supportive, though not uncomplicated. Reuters reported in late February that the city had its strongest start to a year since 2021, with IPOs and second listings raising about $5.5 billion in January. By March 18, LSEG data cited by Reuters showed Hong Kong’s IPO market had raised about $11.64 billion in the first quarter, up 385% from a year earlier. At the same time, Reuters also noted in March that worsening geopolitical tensions had begun to weigh on trading debuts, a sign that even a revived market remains vulnerable to shifts in sentiment.

The Department of Trade and Industry of the Philippines, together with the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the British Council and the ASEAN Secretariat, convened over 270 leaders, policymakers, creatives, and investors from ASEAN and the United Kingdom in Manila for the ASEAN–UK Creative Economy Symposium 2026, reinforcing the region’s push to harness the creative economy as a key driver of growth, innovation, and cultural identity.

Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN for ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Satvinder Singh, said:
“ASEAN is well-positioned to harness the full potential of the creative economy. Six out of eleven ASEAN Member States now rank among the top 70 globally in the WIPO Global Innovation Index’s creative outputs dimension. ASEAN recognises that intangible assets, such as intellectual property, brands, and design as the currencies of modern creative economy. The ideas, expressions, and innovations our creators produce must be protected, valued, and commercialised.”

UK Ambassador to ASEAN, Helen Fazey, said:
“The UK and ASEAN are advancing together through trust, cooperation, and shared priorities. This partnership reflects a strong and growing relationship built on mutual respect and a shared ambition to support sustainable economic growth, innovation, and opportunity across the region. Through initiatives like the ASEAN–UK Advancing Creative Economy programme, we are deepening collaboration, strengthening people-to-people links, and supporting the development of vibrant and resilient creative sectors.”

ASEAN-focused research highlights pathways for growth in the creative economy
New research under the ASEAN–UK Advancing Creative Economy initiative is providing critical insights into the evolution and economic potential of cultural industries across the region.

Arts and Technologies in ASEAN: Interconnected Parts, commissioned by the British Council, examines the fast-growing creative technology landscape across ASEAN. Drawing on more than 60 interviews and case studies, the report explores how artists are using digital tools—from AI to immersive media—while also analysing the regulatory environments shaping innovation. It highlights both the dynamism of the sector and the need for stronger support systems to sustain growth.

Complementing this, the Regional Perception Poll on the ASEAN Creative Economy offers a comprehensive view of how the sector is understood across the region. Based on insights from over 4,000 respondents, including both producers and audiences, the study highlights the interconnected nature of creative ecosystems and the relationships between artists, industries, policymakers, and communities. Its findings underscore the need for tailored, context-specific strategies and stronger regional collaboration to unlock further growth.

Together, these research outputs provide valuable evidence to inform policy, guide investment, and strengthen UK–ASEAN partnerships.Building on this work, a new ASEAN festival research and mapping initiative is underway, expanding earlier studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the region’s diverse festival landscape and identify opportunities for future collaboration.

Country Director Indonesia and Director South East Asia, Summer Xia, said:
“Through the ASEAN–UK Advancing Creative Economy initiative, we are investing in the research, skills, and partnerships needed to support long-term growth in the creative sector. The symposium in Manila was an important opportunity to share these resources and ensure they are shaped by and for the region. By working closely with the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the ASEAN Secretariat, we are helping to build a stronger, more connected creative economy across ASEAN countries.”

Underscoring the broader vision of the initiative, Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN for ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) San Lwin has reaffirmed, in separate engagements, that the ASEAN-UK Advancing Creative Economy programme maximises the region’s creative potential to fuel socio-economic growth and cultural exchange. He reiterated the shared commitment to leveraging innovation and creativity as key connectors to drive prosperity, deepen cultural unity, advance social equity, and promote sustainable, inclusive development in order to forge an “ASEAN Community of Opportunities for All.”

Learn more at: ASEAN Creative Economy Initiative
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About the British Council

The British Council is the UK’s international culture and education organisation. We support peace and prosperity by building connections, understanding and trust between people in the UK and countries worldwide. We do this through our work in arts and culture, education and the English language. We work with people in over 200 countries and territories. In 2024–25, we reached 600 million people.
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