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Officials and defence analysts indicate that the refusal centres on highly sensitive software governing the aircraft’s Active Electronically Scanned Array radar, mission computer architecture and the SPECTRA electronic warfare suite. These components underpin the Rafale’s operational edge, enabling advanced targeting, threat detection and real-time combat adaptability. Without access to underlying code, local engineers face restrictions in modifying or upgrading the systems independently.

The development comes at a time when the Air Force is seeking greater flexibility to integrate indigenous weapons, sensors and software into imported platforms. The Rafale fleet, inducted under an intergovernmental agreement signed in 2016, is widely regarded as one of the most capable multirole assets in service. However, the absence of deep software access limits the scope for customisation beyond manufacturer-approved pathways.

Defence planners have long sought to reduce reliance on foreign vendors for mission-critical technologies, particularly software-defined systems that determine how aircraft perform in evolving combat scenarios. The inability to access core programming frameworks means that even incremental upgrades—such as adapting radar modes or integrating new missile systems—must be routed through the original manufacturer, potentially adding time, cost and operational constraints.

French authorities have maintained that certain technologies embedded within the Rafale are protected by stringent export controls and intellectual property safeguards. Industry sources suggest that this position reflects a broader policy followed by advanced aerospace manufacturers, who rarely transfer full software control of high-end combat platforms. Such restrictions are often justified on grounds of security, technological advantage and contractual obligations tied to proprietary systems.

For New Delhi, the issue extends beyond a single aircraft programme. It underscores a structural challenge in defence procurement, where imported platforms may offer cutting-edge capabilities but limit sovereign control over upgrades and lifecycle management. Analysts argue that the balance between immediate capability acquisition and long-term autonomy has become increasingly complex as modern warfare shifts towards software-centric systems.

The Rafale’s SPECTRA suite, in particular, has drawn attention due to its role in electronic warfare and survivability. Designed to detect, identify and counter threats ranging from radar locks to missile engagements, the system operates through highly classified algorithms. Without access to these algorithms, domestic agencies are unable to independently adapt the suite to emerging threat environments or tailor it to specific operational theatres.

Similarly, the AESA radar’s performance is closely tied to software-defined modes that govern target tracking, electronic counter-countermeasures and situational awareness. Integrating locally developed weapons or sensors requires compatibility at the software level, which becomes challenging when access is restricted. Defence experts note that while some integration is possible through interface agreements, deeper optimisation remains dependent on the original equipment manufacturer.

The issue has also revived debate over the country’s broader push for self-reliance in defence production. Programmes aimed at developing indigenous fighter aircraft, avionics and electronic warfare systems have gained momentum, yet gaps remain in high-end technologies. The Rafale case is being cited by some policymakers as evidence of the need to accelerate domestic research and reduce dependence on external suppliers for core technologies.

At the same time, others caution against overstating the dispute, noting that limitations on source code access are common in international defence deals. They argue that operational effectiveness is not necessarily compromised, as manufacturers continue to provide upgrades and support under contractual arrangements. The Rafale fleet has demonstrated strong performance in exercises and deployments, reinforcing its value as a frontline asset.

Diplomatic considerations are also at play. France has been a key defence partner, with cooperation spanning submarines, helicopters and space technologies. The Rafale agreement itself was seen as a milestone in bilateral ties, reflecting a high degree of strategic trust. Any friction over technology transfer is therefore likely to be managed within the broader framework of long-standing cooperation.

Industry observers point out that negotiations over technology access often involve trade-offs between cost, capability and control. Full access to source codes would significantly alter the commercial and strategic dynamics of defence exports, potentially affecting pricing structures and intellectual property protections. As a result, such concessions are rarely granted, even to close partners.

The episode highlights a growing reality in modern military aviation, where software defines capability as much as hardware. Control over code translates into control over upgrades, interoperability and operational doctrine. For countries seeking to maintain strategic autonomy, this raises fundamental questions about how to structure future procurement and development strategies.

The proposed deal centres on AMD’s latest data centre-grade accelerators, designed to rival dominant offerings in the global AI chip market. Upstage, known for its large language model development and enterprise AI services, is positioning the potential purchase as a step towards building sovereign computing capabilities within Korea, where demand for generative AI infrastructure is rising sharply across finance, manufacturing and public-sector applications.

People familiar with the discussions indicate that the scale of the planned acquisition reflects both immediate computational needs and longer-term ambitions to establish a domestic AI ecosystem capable of training and deploying advanced models without depending heavily on foreign cloud providers. The move aligns with broader efforts in several countries to localise AI infrastructure amid geopolitical concerns and supply chain constraints.

AMD has been expanding its footprint in AI hardware as companies seek alternatives to entrenched suppliers. Its latest accelerators, part of the MI300 series, are designed to handle large-scale model training and inference workloads with improved memory bandwidth and energy efficiency. Industry analysts view Upstage’s interest as a sign that AMD’s strategy of targeting hyperscalers and emerging AI players is gaining traction beyond North America.

Upstage has grown steadily since its founding, focusing on document processing, natural language understanding and enterprise automation. Its proprietary models have been deployed across industries including banking and legal services, where demand for domain-specific AI solutions continues to expand. Executives at the company have previously emphasised the need for greater control over computing resources, citing cost volatility and limited access to high-performance GPUs as barriers to scaling.

Securing a large volume of accelerators could enable Upstage to train more advanced models locally while offering competitive AI services to regional clients. It also positions the company to compete with larger global players that benefit from extensive infrastructure investments. Market observers note that access to compute power has become a defining factor in the AI race, with startups increasingly seeking direct hardware procurement rather than relying solely on cloud-based capacity.

The discussions come amid tightening supply conditions for AI chips, driven by surging demand from technology firms, research institutions and governments. Export controls and trade restrictions have further complicated access to advanced semiconductors, prompting countries in Asia and Europe to accelerate domestic capacity-building initiatives. Korea, home to major semiconductor manufacturers, has been exploring strategies to strengthen its position across the AI value chain.

Government-backed initiatives have aimed to support AI development through funding, talent programmes and infrastructure investments. The potential deal between Upstage and AMD reflects private-sector momentum complementing these policy efforts, as companies seek to capitalise on the growing importance of AI across economic sectors.

Competition in the AI hardware market has intensified as AMD, Intel and other players attempt to challenge established leaders. While Nvidia maintains a dominant position, particularly in training large language models, customers are increasingly evaluating alternative suppliers to diversify risk and manage costs. AMD’s recent partnerships with cloud providers and enterprise customers highlight a shift towards a more competitive landscape.

Analysts caution that large-scale procurement of accelerators involves significant logistical and operational challenges, including data centre readiness, energy consumption and integration with existing software frameworks. Upstage would need to invest in infrastructure and engineering capabilities to fully utilise the hardware, particularly if it aims to build a self-sufficient AI platform within Korea.

At the same time, the strategic implications extend beyond a single company. A successful deployment of large-scale compute resources by Upstage could encourage other regional players to pursue similar investments, contributing to a broader decentralisation of AI development. This trend could reshape how AI capabilities are distributed globally, reducing the concentration of computing power in a handful of technology hubs.

The vessels, loaded with LPG cargoes, are following a path similar to that taken by earlier ships that received clearance to transit the narrow waterway. Industry observers say hugging the Iranian side of the strait may reflect efforts to minimise exposure to potential risks amid heightened scrutiny of maritime movements in the region. The Strait of Hormuz, through which a significant share of global oil and gas exports passes, has long been vulnerable to disruption during periods of political friction.

Shipping analysts note that the altered routing strategy has become more visible as operators weigh safety considerations against the need to maintain steady energy flows. The decision to steer closer to Iran’s coast does not necessarily indicate a change in official navigation guidelines but highlights the adaptability of commercial shipping in response to perceived threats. Maritime insurers and charterers have been closely monitoring developments, with premiums and risk assessments adjusting in line with evolving conditions.

India’s reliance on imported LPG has grown steadily over the past decade, driven by expanding domestic consumption and government-backed programmes aimed at increasing access to cleaner cooking fuels. As a result, uninterrupted maritime supply chains are critical for meeting demand. The movement of Indian-flagged vessels through Hormuz carries added significance given the country’s position as a major energy importer and its exposure to volatility in global shipping lanes.

The route taken by these vessels follows earlier transits that were understood to have been cleared through established maritime coordination channels. While no formal restrictions have been imposed on passage through the strait, heightened alert levels in surrounding waters have prompted shipowners to adopt precautionary measures. These include adjustments to sailing speeds, increased onboard vigilance, and coordination with naval authorities in the region.

Tensions in West Asia have periodically raised concerns about the security of shipping through Hormuz. Episodes involving vessel seizures, drone activity, and naval manoeuvres have reinforced the strategic sensitivity of the waterway. Although large-scale disruptions have been avoided, even limited incidents can have ripple effects across global energy markets, influencing freight rates, insurance costs, and delivery schedules.

Market participants indicate that LPG shipments have remained largely uninterrupted, but logistical complexities have increased. Charter rates for gas carriers have shown signs of volatility, reflecting both demand dynamics and risk premiums associated with transiting high-risk zones. Traders and refiners are factoring in longer voyage times and potential delays when planning cargo movements.

Officials and industry executives emphasise that international maritime law guarantees freedom of navigation through straits used for international transit, including Hormuz. However, the practical execution of that principle often depends on the prevailing security environment. Naval patrols by regional and international forces continue to play a role in deterring threats and ensuring safe passage for commercial vessels.

Energy analysts point out that India sources LPG from multiple suppliers, including producers in West Asia and beyond, making the Hormuz route indispensable. Any sustained disruption could have implications for domestic supply chains, pricing, and inventory management. At the same time, diversification strategies, including alternative sourcing and storage capacity expansion, are being explored to mitigate potential risks.

The movement of the two LPG carriers also reflects broader trends in global shipping behaviour, where operators increasingly rely on real-time intelligence and data analytics to inform routing decisions. Advances in vessel tracking and communication technologies have enhanced situational awareness, enabling more responsive navigation strategies in sensitive regions.

Shipping companies have also strengthened coordination with flag states and port authorities to ensure compliance with safety advisories and regulatory requirements. Crew training and contingency planning have gained prominence, with a focus on preparedness for a range of scenarios, from mechanical issues to security incidents.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which form the backbone of most economies, are particularly vulnerable. The WEF’s 2024 Global Cybersecurity Outlook[2]highlights that limited access to cyber services, tools and skilled talent continues to hinder smaller organisations from achieving even baseline resilience, an increasingly urgent concern in today’s highly interconnected digital ecosystem. As a result, SMEs are often more exposed to common risks such as accidental data leaks and unpatched vulnerabilities in the software and open‑source components used to build modern digital applications.

To help address these challenges, three homegrown companies from Singapore, AgileMark, Scantist and StrongKeep are pioneering technologies that make cybersecurity more accessible and effective for businesses, including SMEs without dedicated security teams. Their solutions focus on strengthening data loss protection and mitigating risks from human behaviours like screen photography and unsafe network use, uncovering hidden vulnerabilities in software systems, and simplifying the adoption of essential security measures through easy-to-deploy platforms.

These companies are supported by the S$20 million CyberSG Talent, Innovation and Growth Collaboration Centre (TIG Centre), a joint initiative between the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA). The TIG Centre works closely with cybersecurity companies and start-ups to co-develop solutions that help organisations stay ahead of emerging threats while enabling the safe and confident adoption of new technologies.

“Many businesses today, especially SMEs, face escalating cyber risks but often lack the resources to protect themselves effectively. In Singapore, online scams and ransomware attacks continue to be key concerns. At the same time, advances in AI are transforming both cyber threats and cybersecurity and rapidly expanding the attack surface of enterprises. Through the CyberSG Talent, Innovation and Growth Collaboration Centre, we support innovators developing practical solutions to address these challenges, and bring Singapore’s most promising cybersecurity start-ups to the global stage at the RSAC 2026 Conference,” said Mr Willis Lim, Executive Director, TIG Centre.

AgileMark: Preventing data leaks caused by everyday human actions

Many data exposure incidents stem not from sophisticated cyberattacks, but from routine behaviours such as photographing screens, copying sensitive documents or working in unsecured environments.

AgileMark mitigates this risk by introducing visible, dynamic watermarks on corporate screens. These act as behavioural cues to deter unauthorised capture, reinforce employee awareness of data sensitivity, and enable traceability if leaks occur. Designed with a human-first approach, it addresses the reality many SMEs face: limited time, resources and expertise to manage complex tools. By focusing on user behaviour rather than adding new systems, it reduces risk without increasing operational burden. Today, AgileMark protects over 300,000 devices globally, reducing investigation time from weeks to hours and enabling faster response to potential data breaches.

Scantist: Finding security flaws in software before hackers do

As organisations accelerate software development, greater reliance on open-source components and third-party dependencies has increased exposure to supply chain risks and hard-to-detect vulnerabilities.

Scantist provides an AI-powered application security platform that helps organisations manage open-source, software supply chain and AI-related risks across the development lifecycle, from code to deployment. Complementing its defensive capabilities, Scantist also offers an autonomous, agentic penetration testing solution that simulates attacker behaviour, enabling more frequent testing and reducing assessment timelines from days to hours. For SMEs in particular, Scantist makes advanced security testing and risk management more accessible without requiring large in-house security teams, helping businesses strengthen resilience and keep pace with evolving threats in a cost-effective, scalable manner.

StrongKeep: Making cybersecurity simpler and more affordable for SMEs

Many SMEs face barriers to adopting cybersecurity tools due to cost, complexity and the need for specialised expertise.

StrongKeep addresses this challenge with an all-in-one cybersecurity platform tailored for SMEs. The platform integrates essential protections such as device security, website filtering, phishing awareness training and password management into a single, easy-to-use system. Organisations can deploy the platform and begin protecting their systems in under 60 minutes, even without dedicated cybersecurity staff. With subscriptions starting from S$39 per month, the solution enables SMEs to achieve comprehensive protection and compliance up to 10 times faster than traditional approaches.

Showcasing Singapore’s cybersecurity solutions at the RSAC Conference 2026

AgileMark, Scantist and StrongKeep are among eight TIG Centre-supported companies that will showcase their solutions at Singapore’s national pavilion at the RSAC 2026 Conference, held from 23 to 26 March 2026 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, United States.

Organised by the TIG Centre and SGTech, the leading trade association for Singapore’s tech industry, the Singapore Pavilion underscores Singapore’s role as a cybersecurity innovation hub and a strategic gateway to Asia’s rapidly expanding digital economy.

Hashtag: #cybersecurity #singaporecybersme #CybersgTIG #nusenterprise #NUS

https://www.rsa.cybersg.sg/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/cybersg-tig-collaboration-centre/

The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.

National University of Singapore (NUS)

The National University of Singapore (NUS) is Singapore’s flagship university, which offers a global approach to education, research and entrepreneurship, with a focus on Asian perspectives and expertise. We have 16 colleges, faculties and schools across three campuses in Singapore, with more than 40,000 students from 100 countries enriching our vibrant and diverse campus community. We have also established more than 20 NUS Overseas Colleges entrepreneurial hubs around the world.

Our multidisciplinary and real-world approach to education, research and entrepreneurship enables us to work closely with industry, governments and academia to address crucial and complex issues relevant to Asia and the world. Researchers in our faculties, research centres of excellence, corporate labs and more than 30 university-level research institutes focus on themes that include energy; environmental and urban sustainability; treatment and prevention of diseases; active ageing; advanced materials; risk management and resilience of financial systems; Asian studies; and Smart Nation capabilities such as artificial intelligence, data science, operations research and cybersecurity.

For more information on NUS, please visit nus.edu.sg.

NUS Enterprise

At NUS Enterprise, the entrepreneurial heart of the National University of Singapore (NUS), we advance the University as a global magnet for talent and an engine for impactful innovation. We seed ideas, spark innovation, and scale ventures through our distinctive 360° framework, integrating education, ecosystem support, and world-class venture building and investment.

This creates a self-reinforcing cycle powering both educational and entrepreneurial outcomes across industries and communities. Since 2001, NUS Enterprise has nurtured 10 unicorns, over 3,000 start-ups, and 4,300 students. Our ambition: to improve the lives of 1 billion people by 2035.

For more information on NUS Enterprise, please visit enterprise.nus.edu.sg.

The CyberSG Talent, Innovation and Growth Collaboration Centre

The CyberSG Talent, Innovation and Growth Collaboration Centre, established by the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) in partnership with the National University of Singapore (NUS), will play a key role in achieving a comprehensive approach to ecosystem development which consolidates and enhances CSA’s existing talent and innovation initiatives. The Centre will enable synergies between cybersecurity talent, innovation and growth industry, by serving as a national node to integrate and create relevant programmes for industry and talent development. It will help build a vibrant cybersecurity ecosystem by bring together industry, academia, individual and government stakeholders to leverage the opportunities posed by digitalisation.

Speaking during engagements in China, Cook highlighted the “extraordinary” role of local developers in Apple’s ecosystem and emphasised the company’s long-standing collaboration with suppliers and technology partners across the country. The remarks came at a time when Beijing has intensified oversight of foreign technology firms and promoted domestic alternatives, raising questions about the operating environment for global companies.

China remains central to Apple’s business, both as a manufacturing hub and as one of its largest consumer markets. A substantial share of the company’s iPhones, iPads and Mac computers are assembled through an intricate network of suppliers led by firms such as Foxconn and Pegatron. At the same time, the country contributes a significant portion of Apple’s revenue, with urban consumers forming a key segment for premium smartphone sales.

Cook’s comments appeared calibrated to reinforce Apple’s commitment to China while avoiding direct reference to the regulatory challenges. Officials in Beijing have tightened rules governing data security, app distribution and foreign technology usage within state-affiliated institutions. These measures have created uncertainty for international companies, particularly those reliant on digital services and hardware integration.

Apple has faced periodic restrictions affecting its ecosystem, including limitations on certain apps and services. Reports of curbs on iPhone use in government-linked workplaces have added to concerns about demand stability, although the company has not publicly confirmed the extent of such measures. Analysts note that even incremental policy shifts can have a disproportionate impact given Apple’s scale in the market.

Cook’s outreach to developers underscores another strategic priority. China hosts one of the largest communities of iOS app creators, contributing to the global App Store economy. By highlighting their role, Apple is reinforcing the narrative that its platform supports local innovation and entrepreneurship, a message aligned with Beijing’s broader push for technological self-reliance.

At the same time, Apple has been diversifying parts of its supply chain beyond China, expanding production in countries such as India and Vietnam. This shift reflects lessons drawn from pandemic-related disruptions and escalating trade tensions between Washington and Beijing. However, industry experts caution that replicating China’s manufacturing ecosystem elsewhere remains a complex and long-term undertaking, given its scale, skilled workforce and logistics infrastructure.

Market dynamics within China are also evolving rapidly. Domestic smartphone brands, including Huawei, Xiaomi and Oppo, have intensified competition, particularly in the high-end segment where Apple has traditionally maintained strong margins. Huawei’s resurgence, supported by advances in semiconductor capability despite earlier sanctions, has altered the competitive landscape and placed additional pressure on foreign players.

Cook’s remarks can be seen as part of a broader effort to sustain goodwill with Chinese authorities and stakeholders while navigating these shifts. Maintaining strong relationships with local partners is essential not only for production continuity but also for regulatory compliance and market access.

Investors are closely monitoring Apple’s positioning in China, viewing it as a bellwether for broader trends affecting multinational technology firms. Any prolonged slowdown in demand or disruption in supply chains could have implications for global revenue and earnings forecasts. At the same time, Apple’s brand strength and ecosystem integration continue to provide a degree of resilience, particularly among affluent consumers.

Government policy remains a critical variable. Beijing has signalled support for domestic technology champions while also seeking to attract foreign investment, creating a dual-track approach that can be difficult for companies to interpret. For Apple, balancing these competing dynamics requires careful messaging and operational flexibility.

Co-organised by the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau and Invest Hong Kong (InvestHK), the WGHK Summit will once again convene influential family office decision-makers and successors from around the world in Hong Kong. Participants from Asia, Europe, the Americas, Oceania, the Middle East, and Africa will join attendees from the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong in insightful sharing. This year’s summit is going to showcase Hong Kong’s profound strengths and development potential through three core themes: “Strategic Asset Management for Family Legacy”, “Cultural Value Foundation for a Thriving Market”, and “Smart Tech Innovation Driving Capital Appreciation”. A number of heavyweight speakers will inspire the participants with their visionary thinking on the future of the family office ecosystem.

Nowadays, quite a number of family offices are deepening their philanthropic endeavours. Taking advantage of Hong Kong’s diverse and vibrant philanthropic ecosystem, a special fireside chat on “Sports and Philanthropy” is set for the summit to explore how sports and philanthropy can work together to create positive value for society.

The Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury, Mr Christopher Hui, said, “The global landscape is evolving fast these days with geopolitics getting more complex. There has never been a better time for hosting the WGHK Summit than now to give family offices looking for diversified allocation and risk dispersion an occasion to connect with each other and explore opportunities. Hong Kong offers a highly favourable development environment with numerous potential and predictability for family offices, underpinned by our diversified international financial markets coupled with resilience, robust and transparent legal and tax systems, world-class financial and professional services, and well-developed ecosystems for philanthropy, arts, and innovation. The WGHK Summit is a flagship event hosted by our Government to showcase to the global wealth owners the unique advantages of this city. We will continue to consolidate Hong Kong’s leading position as a family wealth hub in the Asia-Pacific region, and adopt a multipronged approach to keep fostering the development of the family office sector through measures in areas such as tax concessions, talent attraction, investment facilitation and building of an ecosystem. All these will make Hong Kong even more attractive in all aspects to global family capital, positioning this city as the most preferred platform for ultra-high-net-worth families worldwide to manage their cross-border wealth.”

The Director-General of Investment Promotion at InvestHK, Ms Alpha Lau, noted, “According to the latest market study, the number of single-family offices in Hong Kong surpassed 3 380 by the end of 2025, reflecting a growth of over 25 per cent in two years – a testament to Hong Kong’s attractiveness as a global family office hub. The WGHK Summit serves as a pivotal platform for Hong Kong to deepen connections with the global family office community and foster cross-border collaboration. Against the backdrop of increasing trend of reallocation of global capital toward Asia, alongside rising trade protectionism and geopolitical uncertainty, Hong Kong will continue to leverage its unique advantage of enjoying strong support from the motherland and being closely connected to the world. We will provide global families with a predictable, one-stop environment for establishing a presence and operating in Hong Kong, helping them capture growth opportunities on the Chinese Mainland and in Asia, and steadily advancing long-term investment and multi-generational succession through diversified asset allocation and professional risk management.”

The WGHK Summit will feature a distinguished line-up of guest speakers:

• Dr Han Bicheng – Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), BrainCo
• Mr Maximilian Kaufmann – Representative of Major Shareholder of Leica Camera AG
• Mr William Heinecke – Founder and Chairman, Minor International PCL
• Mr François Pictet – Managing Partner, Pictet Group
• Mr Yao Ming – Founder of Yao Foundation; Former Chairman of Chinese Basketball Association; NBA All-Star
• Mr Qiu Heng – Chief Marketing Officer, AgiBot
• Ms Irene Lee – Chairman, Hysan Development Company Limited
• Dr Ren Feng – Co-CEO and Chief Scientific Officer, Insilico Medicine
• Mr Wesley Ng – CEO and Co-founder, CASETiFY
• Mr Winfried Engelbrecht-Bresges – CEO, The Hong Kong Jockey Club; and
• Mr Michael Wilding – Group Chief Operating Officer, ZURU Group

Beyond the WGHK Summit, the Milken Institute and Bloomberg LP (Bloomberg) will also host the Global Investors’ Symposium (March 23) and the Family Office Forum (March 25) respectively in the same week, focusing on wealth management and global investment trends. The synergy generated by these three major forums will showcase Hong Kong’s unique charm in the family office landscape to the fullest to international capital, allowing participants to interact, exchange ideas, and explore opportunities together in Hong Kong.
Hashtag: #WGHK

The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.