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Goldman Sachs has launched a new office in Kuwait, asserting a significant push to enhance its reach across the Middle East and deepen its ties with Gulf-region clients under fresh leadership.

The New York-based investment bank said its role over five decades in Kuwait spans investment banking, capital markets and asset management. As part of its latest expansion, Goldman has tapped Mohammad Almatrouk as managing director of the Kuwait office, pending regulatory green light, while Fahad Alebrahim has been appointed managing director of the firm’s private wealth business in Kuwait.

David Solomon, Goldman Sachs’s Chairman and Chief Executive, framed the move as a commitment to “grow our capabilities across the Middle East and better serve our clients,” emphasising Kuwait’s economic vision as a catalyst for the firm’s expansion.

Goldman Sachs points to a long-standing capacity-building partnership in Kuwait that includes a professional training scheme designed to nurture talent at institutions such as the Kuwait Investment Authority, the Public Institution for Social Security and the Kuwait Fund. That programme, the bank says, will continue to play a central role in integrating local human capital into its global operations.

The choice of Kuwait underscores a growing focus on the Gulf’s institutional capital. Kuwait, host to one of the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds, has attracted global financial firms looking to align with its diversification and investment ambitions. Goldman Sachs’s decision follows earlier regional expansions, such as establishing a presence in Abu Dhabi and securing a banking licence in Saudi Arabia.

Kuwait’s Director General of the Direct Investment Promotion Authority, Sheikh Dr. Meshaal Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, praised the move as aligned with Kuwait’s economic diversification and global integration goals. He stressed that opening the office supports national priorities including talent development and sustainable growth.

Regional analysts view Goldman’s Kuwait office as part of a broader recalibration by global banks to embed themselves closer to Gulf capital sources. Over the past two years, deal activity in sovereign and quasi-sovereign asset structures has exploded, prompting major firms including Lazard, JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank to expand in the Gulf with new leadership hires.

Inside Goldman Sachs, the timeline coincides with a leadership transition: the firm’s co-head for the Middle East and North Africa, Fadi Abuali, is slated to retire after nearly 28 years of service. His departure is expected to reshape the firm’s regional hierarchy just as Kuwait becomes a new hub.

Some observers caution the move carries execution challenges. Regulatory approvals in Kuwait must be secured, and Goldman must integrate the new office into its broader Gulf operations without duplicating functions. Success will depend on maintaining local relationships while delivering global platform advantages.

Cisco will unveil its latest innovations at GITEX GLOBAL 2025 in Dubai, aiming to equip enterprises across the Middle East and broader region with infrastructure built specifically for the AI era. The showcase focuses on AI-ready data centres, resilient network architectures, and strengthened security frameworks designed to support advanced workloads in data-intensive environments.

By joining the AI Infrastructure Partnership alongside BlackRock, Microsoft, NVIDIA, xAI and others, Cisco has committed to accelerating capital flows into datacentre and infrastructure projects. The partnership expects to unlock $30 billion in initial funding, scaling up to $100 billion including debt financing. Cisco brings its network, security and systems expertise to support the platform’s mission of secure, at-scale AI infrastructure.

At the heart of Cisco’s push is its new Cisco Data Fabric, launched in integration with Splunk, which provides federated data access across systems such as Amazon S3, Iceberg, Delta Lake and Snowflake, routing workloads intelligently to the best analytics or storage engine. This architecture is intended to reduce data movement, shorten analysis latency, and enable enterprises to transform machine data into AI-ready intelligence.

To support retrieval-augmented generation and agentic AI deployments, Cisco introduced the Secure AI Factory solution with NVIDIA and VAST Data. This validated architecture accelerates data extraction and retrieval at scale while enforcing security guardrails for every token processed. AI PODs built under this architecture offer pre-validated, high-performance building blocks for enterprise AI.

Networking and security are being redefined for the AI workload environment. At Cisco Live 2025, the company launched a next-generation network architecture for campus, branch and industrial environments, delivering unified management and devices purpose-built to support AI traffic patterns. It also introduced Hybrid Mesh Firewall and Universal Zero Trust Network Access to embed security into network fabric across hybrid and distributed environments. These features aim to simplify policy enforcement, improve visibility, and reduce complexity in securing both human users and AI agents.

Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins disclosed that fiscal year 2025 saw record AI infrastructure orders. In its final quarter, the company secured over $800 million from webscale clients, bringing total AI-focused orders to more than $2 billion—more than double its initial target. He described the pipeline as steadily growing into “hundreds of millions” as enterprises demand scalable, secure solutions.

In the Middle East, Cisco plans to demonstrate the regional relevance of its technologies under the theme “Make AI Work for You.” According to Cisco’s new AI Readiness Index, a vast majority of organisations in the UAE expect to expand their data centre capacity for AI within five years. The company will also present its work with Splunk on security and observability platforms at the event.

Cisco’s collaboration with Saudi Arabia’s HUMAIN is intended to build out an open, scalable AI infrastructure ecosystem aligned with Vision 2030. The multi-year programme includes deployment of cloud-based AI infrastructure, joint research initiatives, and efforts to grow local talent and innovation. The partnership underscores Saudi ambitions to position itself as a global AI hub.

Cisco sees accelerating demand for network modernisation. Its internal research reports that 97 percent of IT leaders view modernised networks as critical to deploying AI, cloud and IoT workloads, and 98 percent rate secure networking as essential for growth. However, the same study notes that only 40 percent of organisations have begun deploying advanced segmentation or intelligent control, illustrating an execution gap.

To strengthen its AI strategy, Cisco also expanded its presence in Indonesia by signing a Letter of Intent with BRIN to develop AI and cybersecurity capabilities via its Country Digital Acceleration programme. The plan includes building an AI Centre of Excellence and delivering training in AI, security and networking to 500,000 Indonesians by 2030.

Splunk’s observability portfolio itself is being reworked to embrace agentic AI, deploying AI agents to automate tasks such as root cause detection, alert correlation and issue resolution. This is intended to lighten the operational burden on IT and engineering teams while driving real-time insight.

Google has chosen Saudi startup Lahint for inclusion in its Growth Academy: AI for GovTech 2025 cohort, positioning the company among 24 global government-technology innovators supported by Google. The move aims to strengthen Lahint’s capacity to deliver AI-enabled public services and further Saudi Arabia’s push for digital transformation under Vision 2030.

Lahint, established in 2023 by Ahmed Saber and Mohamed Ibrahim, secured a $1 million pre-seed investment earlier this year to scale its AI and automation offerings in government services. The platform currently manages more than 60 digital government services and serves over 200 businesses, integrating robotic process automation and AI to streamline licensing, permits and administrative workflows.

By integrating Lahint into its accelerator, Google pledges technical support, mentorship and access to cloud infrastructure—tools that could accelerate Lahint’s roadmap to full automation of priority public services. Lahint has already earned multiple ISO certifications and is accredited by the Saudi Data & AI Authority with a Waee badge for AI ethics compliance.

Lahint has advanced its internal timeline for key automation milestones. The company is now targeting completion of its GovTech automation program by early 2026, a shift from an earlier 2027 target. This acceleration comes alongside newly signed partnerships with government entities to deploy real-time status reporting and predictive compliance tools covering domain areas such as licensing, taxation and corporate registration.

Saudi Arabia’s broader AI landscape is scaling rapidly. In 2025, the kingdom announced over $14.9 billion in investments at LEAP and pursued MoUs under SDAIA to reinforce its data and AI infrastructure. The establishment of HUMAIN, a state-backed AI company under the Public Investment Fund, is central to that strategy. HUMAIN, launched in May 2025, has already inked collaboration agreements with Nvidia, AMD and Qualcomm to develop AI factories and Arabic large language models.

Google’s AI programme in Saudi Arabia is part of a wider arrangement. A $10 billion joint investment by Google Cloud and the Public Investment Fund backs a national AI hub to reinforce the local ecosystem and serve regional demand.

iFLYTEK is stepping up its engagement in the Middle East, unveiling two flagship AI products at GITEX 2025 in Dubai as part of a broader strategy to localise its offerings and anchor its presence in the region.

The company’s showcase spans three core portfolios—AI Translation, AI Infrastructure and AI Solutions—tailored for Gulf markets, with particular emphasis on Arabic dialect support and secure deployment. Among the new offerings is the AI Translation Earbuds, designed to enable seamless multilingual communication, and the e-ink AINote 2 work device, both making their global debut at the event. The debut underscores iFLYTEK’s intent to go beyond product marketing, emphasising solutions that address regional business needs.

Vincent Zhan, Vice President of iFLYTEK, asserted that the company is focused “to deliver intelligent solutions that address real business challenges” rather than merely present tech demonstrations. The firm has already placed a local team in Dubai to oversee deployment, maintenance, and customer support. It also customised algorithms to handle multiple Arabic dialects, expecting that linguistic responsiveness will differentiate it from global rivals.

iFLYTEK’s portfolio for the event includes the Spark WallEX system, designed for intelligent space management, along with Spark Smart Blackboard and Spark GuideX. The firm says these are engineered to support a range of sectors, including education, healthcare, enterprise operations and government. Its “All-in-One AI Solution” is positioned as a secure infrastructure package for organisations seeking turnkey AI adoption.

The Middle East expansion is part of a larger international push. Outside Asia, iFLYTEK is targeting Europe, as trade tensions and regulatory pressures create incentives to diversify markets. It is reportedly planning offices in France and Hungary, with growth ambitions in Spain and Italy. In March 2025, Zhan cited tariffs in the US as influencing iFLYTEK’s decision to look more aggressively into Europe and the Gulf.

China’s AI giant also faces headwinds. It was placed on a US trade blacklist in 2019, making procurement of certain high-end components dependent on US approvals. To mitigate vulnerability, iFLYTEK has shifted many of its models to Huawei’s chip platforms. It developed its Xinghuo X1 large language model in partnership with Huawei, reportedly running entirely on domestic chips. The firm claims to have pushed chip efficiency from 20 per cent to nearly 80 per cent of equivalent U. S. hardware, though Huawei leadership acknowledges that domestic chips still lag behind by a generation.

Market observers note that iFLYTEK’s shift toward the Gulf aligns with governments in the UAE and Saudi Arabia pushing AI-first national strategies. However, the company must navigate regulatory, data residency and market competition risks. In the Gulf, local AI and language processing firms are emerging, and global players like Amazon and Microsoft are pressing deeper into the region.

iFLYTEK’s presence at major global events is integral to its positioning. In July 2025, at MWC Shanghai, it launched the Spark All-in-One AI Machine and Dual-Screen Translator 2.0—capable of handling translation across dozens of languages—to reinforce its push into enterprise AI. The company has also rolled out smart products such as the AINOTE Air 2 across Asia and Gulf markets, with strong uptake in multilingual productivity segments.

OPEC+ delegates are weighing two divergent paths for November oil quotas: a modest lift mirroring October’s 137,000 barrels per day increase or a more aggressive jump, possibly two to three times larger. Diplomatic and market pressures appear to be pulling members in different directions.

Ahead of Sunday’s formal meeting, one source familiar with the deliberations described 137,000 bpd as the “base case,” replicating this month’s incremental pace. A second source, speaking on condition of anonymity, indicated that under more aggressive assumptions the group may opt for increases of 280,000 bpd or even 400,000 bpd. Those in favour of larger hikes argue that strengthening demand and constrained Russian output justify a bolder step.

Analysts are aligning with the moderate view. Goldman Sachs, for instance, projects a November quota increase of around 140,000 bpd, citing tight inventory levels in Asia and Europe and declining U. S. crude stockpiles. Pressure for a more substantial increase, however, is mounting given elevated oil prices and a desire among key producers to reclaim or expand market share.

During a meeting of the Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee this week, OPEC+ emphasised full compliance with output agreements, urging shirking members to compensate for previous breaches. While the JMMC lacks decision-making power on quotas, it retains the ability to summon full OPEC+ sessions if necessary. This move underscores growing unease about cohesion ahead of the upcoming vote.

Market reaction has already shown sensitivity. Oil prices—which had climbed amid tight supply forecasts—slid more than 3 per cent early this week as traders factored in the possibility of an oversupplied market if OPEC+ moves decisively upward. Further pressure arrived as Iraq’s Kurdistan region resumed exports to Turkey, adding to short-term supply. Expectations of a November increase of at least 137,000 bpd have also fed concerns about potential gluts.

Saudi Arabia is anticipated to respond to this industrial backdrop by raising its official selling prices for November crude to Asia. Refining sources suggest increases of 20–40 cents per barrel for Arab Light, and larger bumps for heavier grades—moves intended to optimise returns amid the shifted supply landscape. Observers note, however, that these pricing adjustments may be constrained by growing global volumes and rising freight costs.

Within OPEC+ circles, some major players favour the status quo increment. They caution that a more aggressive hike could undermine prices and strain discipline among reluctant members. Others view a bold move as an opportunity to reshape global oil dynamics—forcing non-allied producers to respond and reasserting the cohesion and influence of the alliance.

Russia is under particular scrutiny. Its output has been running below forecasts, and further declines—coupled with Western sanctions and infrastructure disruptions—are cited by several sources as a justification for a larger quota increase across the group. Still, Moscow’s appetite for more substantial volume gains remains unclear, balancing revenue interests with geopolitical strategy.

Jeddah — King Abdullah University of Science and Technology has initiated the KAUST Mathematics Competition, a national contest designed to identify and nurture top mathematics talent among students in Grades 8 through 11 across Saudi Arabia. The competition invites both Saudi nationals and residents studying in the Kingdom’s schools to test themselves on challenging topics such as algebra, number theory, combinatorics and geometry.

Phase One of KMC will take place as a two-hour elimination exam at eight regional centres. Students in the junior stream will face 24 multiple-choice questions, while those in the senior stream will tackle 30 multiple-choice items. From that round, the top 200—split evenly between junior and senior tracks—will advance to the final phase. That final round, conducted at KAUST over three days in April, will require written answers to six problems. KAUST will bear the costs of travel, lodging and meals for finalists. The participation fee is set at 100 Saudi riyals per student.

KAUST’s rationale for KMC aligns with its broader talent development mission: to foster advanced thinking skills and attract gifted students into STEM pathways. The competition also offers attractive incentives: cash awards, enrolment in KAUST Academy programmes, and a prize for first-place winners in each track — admission to a summer mathematics camp hosted jointly by KAUST and the University of Cambridge.

KAUST’s pre-university programmes, especially its Science Research School Initiative, already train middle and high school students for international Olympiads. SRSI’s mandate includes preparing students in mathematics, chemistry, physics, informatics and biology through intensive on-campus training. Students in grades 6 to 12 benefit from the training, and many go on to represent Saudi Arabia in global contests. KAUST also partners with other institutional programmes focused on gifted education.

The decision to launch KMC complements an existing competitive ecosystem. The KFUPM Mathematics Olympiad, for instance, has long been held for secondary school students at multiple centres across the country. That contest historically serves as a pipeline to select candidates for the International Mathematical Olympiad. Meanwhile, Saudi youth continue to perform strongly at regional contests: in the 29th Junior Balkan Mathematical Olympiad held in North Macedonia, six Saudi students won two gold, two silver and two bronze medals.

Tesla has launched sales of its Cybertruck in Qatar, bolstering its Middle East expansion as the electric carmaker seeks growth beyond saturated U. S. and Chinese markets. The announcement was made via its social media channel on 3 October, following its earlier push into Saudi Arabia this year.

Underlining its Gulf ambitions, Tesla has already made the Cybertruck available in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and now Qatar joins as one of the first markets outside North America to offer the pickup. The company plans to support local sales with online ordering, pop-up showrooms, Supercharger stations, and service centres.

Tesla does not provide regional breakdowns for Cybertruck deliveries, but a U. S. recall filing notes that 46,096 units had been built between November 2023 and early 2025. Analysts say the Qatar move is timely, given Tesla faces weakening demand and intensifying rivalry in its core markets.

Qatar, meanwhile, has signalled ambition in building an EV framework. The country is working toward installing 1,000 public charging stations by 2025 and targeting 4,000 by 2035. A partnership between Tesla, the utility Kahramaa, and real estate projects like Doha Festival City aims to deploy Superchargers capable of delivering 250 kW charging, enabling about 200 miles of range in 15 minutes.

Tesla’s introduction in Qatar is part of a broader Gulf strategy that seeks to replicate its Saudi model—offering multiple variants of the Cybertruck tailored to regional conditions. For example, orders in Saudi Arabia include both All-Wheel Drive and Cyberbeast trims, with the Saudi AWD variant priced starting at around 434,990 Saudi Riyal.

However, Tesla is also reshaping its product line due to weak uptake. It has dropped the standalone rear-wheel-drive Cybertruck variant from its U. S. configurator, leaving only two higher-end models in the lineup. This shift signals that Tesla is consolidating its offerings to better match market demand.

Competition in the Gulf is mounting. Chinese manufacturers BYD and Zeekr are pushing aggressively into the region, and the U. S. EV maker Lucid—backed by Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth fund—poses a formidable local rival.

Tesla’s Q3 performance provided a temporary boost: the company reported record global deliveries, partly driven by a rush before the U. S. EV tax credit expired on 30 September. Yet analysts anticipate a steep drop in Q4 sales given the expiration of that incentive.

Tesla’s entry into Qatar underscores its strategic pivot toward markets where expansion potential remains, even as challenges loom in technology adaptation, climate conditions, and consumer uptake.

Saudi Arabia confronts mounting fiscal headwinds as oil revenues falter and large-scale investments under its Vision 2030 agenda intensify strain on the state’s budget, a fresh analysis by Fitch Ratings warns. Fiscal consolidation efforts are threatened by rising expenditures, volatile energy markets and valuation setbacks to flagship development projects.

Fitch anticipates the kingdom will record a fiscal deficit equivalent to 5.3 percent of GDP in 2025—more than double earlier forecasts of 2.3 percent—and projects a narrowing to 3.3 percent in 2026. That trajectory, the ratings agency argues, rests on fragile assumptions about revenue rebound and disciplined spending cuts. The downgrade in oil income, combined with persistent capital outlays, introduces high risk to Saudi’s consolidation plans.

The Public Investment Fund, corner-stone of Vision 2030, channels vast investment into infrastructure, technology, tourism and real estate. But it has also borne losses: in 2024, the PIF recognised an $8 billion writedown of its “gigaprojects,” including NEOM, reflecting cost overruns and market volatility. That impairment eroded some of the cushion these high-profile ventures were meant to provide.

Fitch treats PIF as a government-related entity, equating its credit profile with that of the sovereign given its central role in state economic strategy and the expectation of ongoing state support. However, Fitch cautions that heavy spending commitments in the pre-budget statement expose weaknesses in the consolidation path. The agency notes that worsening oil market dynamics and delays in translating megaprojects into stable returns heighten exposure.

Saudi Arabia’s finance ministry projects 2026 revenues of 1.14 trillion riyals against expenditures of 1.31 trillion, signalling an ambition to shrink deficit to 3.3 percent. The government anticipates revenue growth of 5.1 percent and spending reductions of 1.7 percent relative to 2025 projections. But achieving that will depend heavily on improved non-oil income and restrained capital outlays.

Crude price downturns have compounded pressure. With oil income constituting roughly 60 percent of Saudi’s state revenue, any softness in the energy market imposes acute stress. Analysts say the kingdom is caught in a bind: it must maintain investment momentum to stay on track with Vision 2030, yet it must also restrain spending lest debt and deficits spiral.

Investors and economists point to NEOM as a test case. Massive in scale and ambition, NEOM has come under scrutiny following the substantial writedown. Critics suggest that the project’s capacity to generate returns fast enough to justify its cost is increasingly in question. That, in turn, weakens one of the main pillars of the kingdom’s diversification rationale.

To mitigate risks, Saudi authorities are leaning on non-oil revenue sources, including taxes, fees and state levies, which remain robust. Public consumption and private sector growth also play supportive roles. But these revenue streams may not suffice to offset deep slippage in oil proceeds.

China’s largest state banks have committed over $3.75 billion in debt financing to Saudi Aramco’s Jafurah gas project, while Chinese investment funds have declined to take equity stakes in the venture, sources told Reuters.

The bulk of this funding comes from Bank of China, ICBC and China Construction Bank, each contributing around $1 billion, and Agricultural Bank of China adding roughly $750 million. This debt financing accounts for more than one-third of the total capital sought for what is expected to be the largest shale gas development outside the United States.

Aramco’s deal involves an $11 billion lease-and-leaseback agreement signed in August with a consortium led by Global Infrastructure Partners, an arm of BlackRock. Under the arrangement, a new entity called Jafurah Midstream Gas Company will lease processing assets to Aramco for 20 years. Aramco retains a 51 per cent stake, while the consortium holds the remaining 49 per cent.

Despite the opportunity to join the equity syndicate, several Chinese state-linked funds declined to participate, a move that sources attribute to heightened U. S.–China tensions. Beijing is said to have discouraged fund-level engagement with U. S.-affiliated private capital firms, even when such firms do not have overt U. S. exposure.

The Chinese banks’ decision to provide senior debt but avoid equity signals a calibrated strategic posture: backing the project financially without direct governance alignment with U. S.-linked investors.

Aramco’s broader ambition is to expand its gas production capacity by 60 per cent over 2021 levels by 2030. The Jafurah basin is estimated to contain 229 trillion standard cubic feet of raw gas and 75 billion stock tank barrels of condensate.

The BlackRock-led consortium is also negotiating additional capital of around $10.3 billion with a mix of debt instruments; participants in those talks include JPMorgan and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. Those financial structures are intended to support the lease-and-leaseback model without ceding control of core infrastructure assets to external parties.

Within the Gulf, Chinese lenders’ prominent involvement in Jafurah’s financing echoes a broader trend. Analysts note that China is repositioning its role in Gulf energy infrastructure by leveraging its strengths in project debt and export credit rather than co-investment in U. S.-sponsored equity schemes.

Saudi Arabia is concurrently expanding its gas network. It has signed over $25 billion in contracts for the second phase of Jafurah development and further gas-network enhancements, including pipeline extensions of 4,000 km to increase capacity by 3.2 billion standard cubic feet per day. Chinese firms, such as Sinopec, are among the contractors participating in these projects.

For Aramco, the dual approach of securing large-scale debt from Chinese banks while partnering with international investors via the leaseback model helps it mobilise capital without relinquishing decisive control. The arrangement offers investors predictable tariff-based returns.

Chinese banks’ exposure gives them influence over covenant terms, loan pricing and repayment schedules. That leverage, without the burdens or political friction associated with equity, aligns with Beijing’s financial diplomacy toward strategic energy corridors.

The full constellation of debt and equity deals around Jafurah—and the dynamics among Gulf producers, Chinese state capital, and U. S.-linked private investors—will be among the key nodes shaping the next wave of energy infrastructure financing.

Visitors in Saudi Arabia will be able to open local bank accounts using their “Visitor ID,” following a decision by the Saudi Central Bank to accept the identification document issued by the Ministry of Interior. This marks a major regulatory shift in how non-residents can access financial services in the Kingdom.

SAMA’s directive mandates that banks recognise the Visitor ID—traditionally used for immigration and internal tracking—as a valid identity document for account onboarding, provided it is digitally verifiable through government-authorised platforms. According to SAMA, this adjustment will enable banks to reach new customer segments without altering their existing account-opening rules.

This change aligns with Saudi Arabia’s push under Vision 2030 to expand financial inclusion and improve the visitor experience. By lowering barriers to formal banking, the Kingdom aims to reduce dependence on cash, support digital payments, and draw more tourists, business travellers and pilgrims into regulated financial channels.

Banks will be required to adjust verification systems and compliance protocols to integrate the new policy. Many are expected to link the Visitor ID to local digital check platforms and mobile wallets, allowing holders to conduct everyday transactions. Some limitations may apply: banks may restrict access to credit, loans or other advanced banking services until further identification or residency status is established.

Under existing SAMA account rules, banks already require robust customer identification steps for all new accounts. These include verifying identity documents, screening for anti-money laundering, and collecting customer contact and address details. The updated regulation does not eliminate those checks but changes the baseline identity document accepted for visitors.

Observers see this as one of several steps in a broader regional movement. While Gulf states have long required residence permits or more rigid documentation to open standard accounts, the Saudi reform may test whether similar access models are feasible elsewhere. Already, financial technology and tourism stakeholders are evaluating the competitive edge this gives Saudi Arabia.

Critics caution that implementation risks must be managed carefully. Allowing visitor-based accounts introduces potential anti-money laundering and fraud vulnerabilities. Banks will need to balance user convenience with real-time monitoring, transaction limits, and strong identity verification safeguards.

From the visitor standpoint, the reform reduces friction in accessing local banking: new arrivals will no longer have to rely solely on foreign banks, prepaid cards or cash. Pilgrims and business travellers handling local payments, donations, or services should benefit directly.

SAMA emphasised that the change came through its periodic policy review, intended to keep regulations in line with evolving financial technology trends and market needs. The central bank said it expects the reform to reinforce the Kingdom’s cashless payments infrastructure and strengthen the banking ecosystem’s responsiveness to global customer expectations.

The policy rollout may occur in phases, as banks update internal systems, train staff, and obtain approvals from compliance units. Over the coming weeks, banks are likely to issue guidelines explaining account features, permissible transaction types, and validity periods tied to the Visitor ID status.

Kuwait has issued $11.25 billion in sovereign bonds split across three maturities, marking its first successful US dollar debt sale since 2017 and signalling a renewed re-entry into global capital markets. The offering drew strong investor demand, allowing the country to secure attractive pricing even as it seeks to diversify its funding amid mounting fiscal pressures.

The issuance comprised $3.25 billion in three-year bonds at 40 basis points over US Treasuries, $3 billion in five-year bonds also at 40 bps, and $5 billion in ten-year bonds at 50 bps. Order books reached as high as $28 billion—roughly 2.5 times oversubscribed—enabling Kuwait to tighten guidance from initial levels. Over two-thirds of the allocations went to investors outside the Middle East and North Africa, with significant participation from the United States, Europe, the United Kingdom and Asia.

Acting Finance Minister Subaih Al-Mukhaizeem described the deal as “historic”, citing that it reflects “global markets’ confidence in Kuwait’s financial strength, prudent policies, and solid reserves.” He added that this issuance reinforces Kuwait’s reputation as a credible sovereign issuer while supporting the New Kuwait 2035 vision of economic transformation.

Analysts noted that the spreads achieved in this issuance are significantly tighter than Kuwait’s inaugural dollar bond sale in 2017, underscoring market optimism about its credit metrics and macro outlook. Its low debt burden—currently less than 10 percent of GDP—offers the space for measured borrowing, even while the International Monetary Fund projects that the ratio may rise toward 25 percent by 2030 as deficits widen.

The path to this issuance was opened in March with the passage of a long-delayed public debt law, which raised the borrowing ceiling from KD 10 billion to KD 30 billion and permitted longer maturities. That law had been stalled for years due to clashes between the appointed government and the elected parliament; in response, the emir dissolved parliament for up to four years, clearing the way for reform.

Kuwait is the latest Gulf sovereign to take advantage of favourable global interest rates and strong investor appetite, joining others such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain in tapping dollar markets to address fiscal gaps and finance diversification programmes.

While the bond sale delivers fresh funding, questions remain about Kuwait’s strategy for deploying the proceeds. Its economy remains heavily dependent on hydrocarbon revenues, which accounted for nearly 90 percent of government income in the most recent fiscal year. Previous reporting indicates that proposed projects include infrastructure upgrades such as a new port and airport expansion, intended to generate non-oil revenue streams.

GlobalSource Partners had speculated earlier that Kuwait’s general deficit could rise to between 7 and 8 percent of GDP in the current year, with this issuance expected to cover a large portion of the shortfall. The country has also tapped local debt markets, issuing about $5 billion in domestic bonds before turning to international markets.

Riyadh has unveiled a bold draft plan to permit all non-resident foreign investors direct access to the main Saudi stock market, eliminating the need for the current Qualified Foreign Investor framework and abolishing swap agreements. The Capital Market Authority has opened a 30-day public consultation on the proposal, which, if adopted, would mark a major liberalisation in the Kingdom’s capital markets.

Under the draft, non-resident investors would no longer need to satisfy eligibility thresholds currently required for QFI status, and would be permitted to hold shares in listed companies in their own names. The plan would also phase out swap arrangements that allow foreign parties to obtain economic exposure to Saudi stocks without holding legal title. The consultation period runs until 31 October 2025.

The CMA says the changes aim to broaden the investor base, increase liquidity and attract a wider pool of capital. Foreign holdings in the main market had already reached SAR 412 billion by mid-2025, comprising more than 471 percent growth from SAR 72 billion in 2015. Non-resident capital under the QFI regime, combined with swap exposure, totals over SAR 528 billion.

The QFI system currently imposes strict entry criteria — one requirement is minimum assets under management of SAR 1.875 billion. QFIs also enjoy direct ownership and voting rights, whereas swap-based investors operate indirectly. Under the rules, non-resident foreign investors face a cap of 10 percent in any listed firm, while aggregate foreign ownership in a company is capped at 49 percent. Swap contracts are legally structured to grant economic benefits without formal shareholding rights under the depositary centre system.

Market analysts say lifting QFI restrictions could lower barriers for small and mid-sized international asset managers that presently cannot meet the QFI thresholds. “This is a structural shift — it moves Saudi from a screened-access regime to an open one,” commented a Gulf region investment strategist. Observers note, however, that tightening surveillance, settlement and disclosure mechanisms will be essential to managing risks of volatility and capital flight.

Under the draft, swap accounts held by foreign investors would need to be converted to direct shareholding accounts within a transition period of up to 12 months. The CMA also proposes adjustments to reporting, market conduct and corporate governance rules to ensure fairness.

The consultation draft aligns with broader reforms introduced in 2025, including simplification of account opening for some foreign investor categories, especially GCC-residents or overseas investors with prior residency in the region. That move had already signalled a gradual loosening of restrictions.

Equity markets in the Gulf contrast in openness. The UAE and Qatar allow broader foreign participation, while Saudi’s incumbent QFI plus swap structure has long been viewed as more restrictive. Proponents of liberalisation contend that full direct access may raise Saudi’s appeal as a regional hub and deepen cross-border portfolio flows.