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SINGAPORE – Media OutReach Newswire – 2 June 2026 – UnionPay International (UPI) and the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) have renewed their strategic partnership to jointly promote Singapore tourism and enhance payment experiences for international travelers through integrated marketing campaigns, merchant collaborations, and cross-border payment initiatives.

Signing ceremony of Memorandum of Understanding between Singapore Tourism Board and UnionPay International
Signing ceremony of Memorandum of Understanding between Singapore Tourism Board and UnionPay International

The renewed three-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) builds on previous successful collaborations between both parties and aims to drive tourism spending by combining STB’s destination marketing resources with UnionPay’s global payment network and regional marketing channels.

Under the partnership, both parties will jointly launch tourism and payment campaigns targeting key visitor markets including China and other regional outbound travel segments. Campaigns will promote Singapore tourism offerings alongside UnionPay’s payment privileges, merchant promotions, and acceptance network across shopping, dining, attractions, transportation and hospitality sectors.

The collaboration will also focus on premium travel and MICE segments through partnerships with banks, luxury travel platforms and tourism stakeholders to introduce tailored privileges and curated experiences for UnionPay cardholders visiting Singapore.

According to STB, Singapore welcomed approximately 16.9 million international visitors in 2025, with China’s mainland remaining the country’s largest source market. As international travel demand continues to recover, seamless and secure payment experiences are playing an increasingly important role in enhancing visitor satisfaction and driving tourism consumption.

Over the past cooperation period, UPI and STB jointly launched multiple tourism campaigns through leading travel and digital platforms, generating more than 40 million impressions and strengthening UnionPay’s presence among travelers visiting Singapore.

Moving forward, both parties will continue to explore new opportunities in tourism marketing, merchant collaboration, and consumer engagement to further support Singapore’s tourism growth and cross-border travel ecosystem.

Hashtag: #Unionpay

The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.

GoPro has warned that rising memory component costs, weaker camera demand and tight debt covenants have cast substantial doubt over its ability to continue as a going concern, marking a sharp escalation in the financial strain facing one of the best-known names in action cameras. San Mateo-based GoPro, founded by Nicholas Woodman, updated its 2025 financial statements to include the warning after developments that followed its annual […]

OpenPayd has agreed to merge with Titan Acquisition Corp in a deal that would take the London-based financial infrastructure company public on Nasdaq at a pro-forma equity value of $1.145 billion, giving the payments group fresh capital to expand across the United States and deepen its stablecoin-linked services. The proposed combination with Titan, a Nasdaq-listed special purpose acquisition company, has been approved by both boards and is […]

By Nantoo Banerjee Bangladesh’s involvement of China in the country’s US$ 1.5-billion Teesta River Comprehensive Management and Restoration Project (TRCMRP) seems to have posed a significant geopolitical tension for India and its defence concerns. Dhaka made a formal request to China for the project during Foreign Minister Khalilur Rahman’s recent visit to Beijing, reflecting a […]

The article Chinese Part In Bangladesh Teesta Project Alarms India appeared first on Latest India news, analysis and reports on Newspack by India Press Agency).

Greenlogue/AP Green GSM Philippines has secured a strategic financing and digital banking partnership with Philippine National Bank, giving the all-electric ride-hailing operator fresh support for fleet expansion, driver payroll and nationwide growth as the Philippines accelerates its shift towards cleaner urban transport. The partnership centres on P2 billion in credit facilities extended by PNB to finance the acquisition of electric vehicles and support working capital requirements. The […]

MANILA, PHILIPPONES – Media OutReach Newswire – 1 June 2026 – Green GSM Philippines and Philippine National Bank (PNB) officially announced a strategic partnership in financial and digital banking services to support the operations and expansion of Green GSM’s all-electric ride-hailing ecosystem in the Philippines. The agreement marks the next step in Green GSM’s strategy to develop the infrastructure supporting its electric mobility model, as the company continues to expand across major urban areas and gradually build a sustainable long-term operating ecosystem in the Philippine market.

Mr. Edwin R. Bautista, President and Chief Executive Officer of Philippine National Bank (third from left); Ms. Thuy Vu Dropsey, Chief Corporate Development & Strategic Finance Officer at Vingroup (third from right); and Mr. Dao Quy Phi, Managing Director of Green SM Southeast Asia (far right), together with representatives of the parties at the partnership signing ceremony between Green GSM and Philippine National Bank. Under the partnership, PNB provided a PHP 2 billion credit facility to support Green GSM's operational expansion and fleet growth in the Philippines. The facility supported Green GSM's fleet expansion and operating capacity in the Philippines.
Mr. Edwin R. Bautista, President and Chief Executive Officer of Philippine National Bank (third from left); Ms. Thuy Vu Dropsey, Chief Corporate Development & Strategic Finance Officer at Vingroup (third from right); and Mr. Dao Quy Phi, Managing Director of Green SM Southeast Asia (far right), together with representatives of the parties at the partnership signing ceremony between Green GSM and Philippine National Bank. Under the partnership, PNB provided a PHP 2 billion credit facility to support Green GSM’s operational expansion and fleet growth in the Philippines. The facility supported Green GSM’s fleet expansion and operating capacity in the Philippines.

Alongside the credit facility, the two parties also implemented digital account management and payment systems for Green GSM’s driver network. Through PNB’s corporate banking platform and digitized onboarding processes, account opening and activation times are significantly reduced, helping Green GSM strengthen operational management as it expands driver network.

As cities continue to seek lower-emission transport solutions, financial systems, digital payments, driver management and operating standards are becoming increasingly important to supporting mobility platforms at scale.

In the Philippines, Green GSM is building mobility model through the integration of technology, an all-electric fleet, and standardized operating systems. Following its strategic partnership with Xentro Group in 2025 and the launch of the Green Xentro fleet in Rizal earlier this year, the company continues to expand its presence through long-term collaborations with local partners and domestic financial institutions.

“We appreciate Green GSM’s long-term development direction in the Philippines, not only in advancing low-emission mobility, but also in the way the company is building an operating model with scalability and clear governance foundations,” said Mr. Edwin R. Bautista, President and Chief Executive Officer of PNB. “The transition toward sustainable transport will require ecosystems capable of supporting stable long-term growth, together with the financial and operational foundations needed to enable that expansion.”

Ms. Le Thi Thu Trang, Chief Executive Officer of Green GSM Philippines, said: “For Green GSM, developing an all-electric mobility model is not only about expanding the fleet, but also about building an operating system that is stable, standardized, and capable of sustainable long-term growth. Our partnership with PNB will help strengthen the financial and operational foundations needed to enhance service quality and support Green GSM’s continued expansion in the Philippines.”

Green GSM develops its all-electric mobility model through the combination of technology, standardized operating systems, and professionally trained drivers. The platform is supported by real-time monitoring and operational systems designed to maintain service consistency across major urban areas.

The partnership with PNB further reinforces Green GSM’s long-term direction in the Philippines, where the company continues to strengthen its operating foundations, service standards, and driver support systems in order to maintain service quality as operations scale further.

Hashtag: #GreenSM

The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.

About GSM & Green SM

GSM (Green Smart Mobility) is a pioneering multi-platform company operating all-electric ride-hailing services. With a focus on sustainable transport development, GSM operates a mobility model powered entirely by VinFast electric vehicles, combining technology, service standards, and operational ecosystems to support the future of low-emission urban mobility.

Green GSM is GSM’s official brand in the Philippines and is part of the broader Green SM global ecosystem, alongside Xanh SM in Vietnam and Laos, and Green SM in Indonesia. Across all markets, the brand focuses on delivering modern mobility experiences through VinFast electric vehicles, professional drivers, and operating systems built around safety, consistency, and service quality.

About Philippine National Bank (PNB)

Philippine National Bank (PNB) is one of the Philippines’ largest private commercial banks in terms of assets and deposits. The bank provides a full range of financial and banking services to individual customers, businesses, institutions, and overseas Filipino communities. With a history spanning more than a century, PNB continues to focus on growth strategies driven by digital transformation, operational efficiency, and sustainable development in the financial sector.

Positron AI has opened its first office outside the United States at Dubai International Financial Centre, placing the AI infrastructure developer inside one of the region’s fastest-growing technology and financial ecosystems. The move gives the US-based company a licensed presence in DIFC as it seeks to expand demand for AI inference systems across the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. Positron AI has raised more than $300 […]

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Arabian Post Staff -Dubai Qatar has activated its first quantum-safe communications link, placing Ooredoo Qatar, Hamad Bin Khalifa University and the Ministry of Defence at the centre of a national push to protect critical digital infrastructure against the next generation of cyber threats. The operational link uses Quantum Key Distribution technology to generate and distribute encryption keys through quantum mechanics. The system is designed to detect interception […]

SoftBank Group has overtaken Toyota Motor as Japan’s most valuable company, underlining a sharp shift in investor preference from the country’s traditional manufacturing champions towards businesses seen as central to the global artificial intelligence build-out.

Shares in Masayoshi Son’s technology investment group surged in Tokyo trading, lifting its market value to about ¥47.2 trillion, or roughly $296 billion, ahead of Toyota’s ¥45.7 trillion after the carmaker’s stock fell nearly 5 per cent. The move placed SoftBank at the top of Japan’s corporate valuation table for the first time in more than two decades and added momentum to a Nikkei 225 rally that pushed the index above 67,000.

The change is more than a stock-market milestone. It reflects how the AI boom has reshaped capital allocation in Japan, where investors are assigning higher value to companies with exposure to semiconductors, data centres, power infrastructure and generative AI platforms. Toyota remains one of the world’s largest and most profitable carmakers, but its valuation is now being weighed against a slower earnings outlook, tariff pressure, currency swings and the heavy cost of electrification.

SoftBank’s advance has been driven by a powerful combination of portfolio gains and expectations that its AI-linked holdings could generate fresh liquidity. The group’s exposure to Arm, the British chip-design company it took public in 2023, has become a key pillar of its market value. Arm’s technology is used widely across smartphones, cloud computing and increasingly AI-related chips, giving SoftBank a central position in the semiconductor supply chain.

OpenAI has become the second major driver of investor attention. SoftBank has committed tens of billions of dollars to the ChatGPT developer and is positioning itself as a core financier of AI infrastructure. Expectations that OpenAI could move towards a public listing have intensified interest in SoftBank’s asset base, even as analysts continue to debate how much of the group’s valuation depends on private-market pricing and future monetisation.

The latest surge followed SoftBank’s plan to invest up to €75 billion in AI infrastructure in France, including data centres and power-intensive computing capacity. The first phase is expected to involve about €45 billion of investment to build 3.1 gigawatts of capacity by 2031, with further expansion potentially taking the total to 5 gigawatts. The project places France at the centre of Europe’s push to develop sovereign AI infrastructure, helped by its nuclear-heavy power system and available industrial sites.

SoftBank is also moving to create public-market vehicles around AI infrastructure. SB Energy, its power and data-centre platform, is preparing for a potential US listing and has been linked to a valuation above $50 billion. The company is involved in large-scale power projects designed to support AI workloads, including a 1.2-gigawatt data-centre development in Texas. A separate robotics venture, Roze, is also being prepared for a possible listing, highlighting SoftBank’s attempt to build an ecosystem around energy, construction automation and computing capacity.

Toyota’s fall in ranking does not signal operational weakness. The carmaker reported operating income of ¥3.8 trillion for the financial year ended March 2026, supported by vehicle sales and pricing power despite tariff costs and rising expenses. It remains a global force in hybrid technology, production efficiency and supply-chain management. However, investors have become more cautious about its growth outlook as the auto sector faces higher regulatory costs, slower battery-electric vehicle adoption in some markets, and intensifying competition from China-based manufacturers.

The contrast between SoftBank and Toyota captures a broader reordering of Japan’s equity market. AI-linked names, chip suppliers and infrastructure companies are drawing strong inflows, while parts of the auto sector and older industrial groups face questions over margin durability. Kioxia, the memory-chip maker, has also climbed sharply this year, showing how investor enthusiasm has spread beyond SoftBank into companies tied to storage and high-performance computing.

The rally has strengthened the profile of Son, whose investment record has swung between spectacular gains and painful losses. SoftBank’s Vision Fund suffered heavy write-downs after the collapse in technology valuations in 2021 and 2022, while earlier bets such as WeWork damaged confidence in the group’s risk controls. Its comeback has been powered by a more concentrated AI narrative, but that also leaves the shares vulnerable if expectations around OpenAI, Arm or infrastructure listings are revised lower.

Arabian Post Staff -Dubai Gartner has warned that enterprises risk a sharp retreat from autonomous AI agents by 2027 as weak governance, poor access controls and unclear accountability expose companies to operational, security and compliance failures. The technology research firm expects 40% of enterprises to demote or decommission autonomous AI agents by 2027 after governance gaps are discovered only through production incidents. The warning marks a tougher […]

Global economic leaders have warned that the Middle East war is tightening energy supplies, disrupting trade routes and placing the heaviest burden on poorer economies already struggling with inflation, debt and food-security pressures. The heads of the International Energy Agency, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization issued the warning on Friday as the U. S.-Israel war on Iran continued to unsettle commodity markets and […]

Arabian Post Staff -Dubai Finnish-listed Hiab has agreed to buy Labrie Environmental Group for $1.04 billion, moving into North America’s refuse collection vehicle market through one of the sector’s established manufacturers and adding a higher-margin platform to its load-handling equipment business. The all-cash acquisition values Labrie at $1.035 billion on a cash- and debt-free basis, equivalent to about €890 million using end-May European Central Bank exchange rates. […]

A sweeping overhaul of the UAE’s civil law takes effect on June 1, lowering the age of legal adulthood to 18 and reshaping how residents, families, companies and young people handle contracts, assets, liabilities and disputes. Federal Decree-Law No. 25 of 2025 on the Civil Transactions Law replaces Federal Law No. 5 of 1985, the country’s four-decade-old Civil Code. The new framework is one of the most […]

Arabian Post Staff -Dubai UAE real gross domestic product expanded 6.2 per cent in 2025 to AED1.9 trillion, underscoring the country’s strongest evidence yet that diversification is becoming the central driver of national output rather than a supporting pillar. The Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre said non-oil GDP rose 6.8 per cent to AED1.5 trillion, outpacing headline growth and reinforcing the shift towards trade, finance, construction, manufacturing, […]

Sri Lanka raised fuel prices by up to 6 per cent on Sunday, days after securing a $695 million instalment from the International Monetary Fund, as Colombo moved to align energy pricing with bailout conditions aimed at reducing subsidies and restoring fiscal discipline.

The state-run Ceylon Petroleum Corporation increased the price of 92-octane petrol to 434 Sri Lankan rupees a litre from 410 rupees, while auto diesel rose to 407 rupees from 392 rupees. The revision adds to household and transport costs at a time when the island’s recovery from its 2022 debt default remains exposed to global energy shocks, a weaker currency and pressure on public finances.

The adjustment follows the IMF executive board’s approval of fresh funding under Sri Lanka’s $2.9 billion Extended Fund Facility, agreed in early 2023 after the country ran out of foreign exchange and suspended repayment on about $46 billion in external debt. The programme requires cost-reflective pricing for fuel and electricity, stronger revenue collection, improved governance and protection for vulnerable households as subsidies are gradually unwound.

President Anura Kumara Dissanayake has told the IMF that fuel subsidies will be phased out by September. The pledge marks a politically sensitive step for a government facing pressure from consumers, transport operators and small businesses that remain scarred by the shortages and inflationary spiral of 2022. Fuel pricing has become a central test of the administration’s ability to maintain reform commitments without provoking a deeper squeeze on living standards.

Sri Lanka imports all its petroleum requirements and also relies on imported coal for part of its electricity generation. That exposure has sharpened the impact of turmoil in the Middle East, where higher crude prices and disruption risks have increased the cost of energy imports. Petrol and diesel prices have climbed sharply since late February, while electricity tariffs have also been raised as part of the effort to prevent losses at state-owned utilities from spilling into the budget.

The price increase comes amid renewed inflation concerns. Headline inflation rose to 5.4 per cent in April from 2.2 per cent in March, reversing part of the disinflation that had helped stabilise the economy after the crisis. Fuel and transport costs are expected to feed into food distribution, public transport fares and logistics charges, with lower-income households likely to feel the effects first.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka responded to the pressure last week with an unexpected 100-basis-point increase in its benchmark policy rate, lifting the overnight policy rate to 8.75 per cent from 7.75 per cent. The move was designed to contain inflation expectations, limit rupee depreciation and support external stability, though it also raised concerns that tighter credit could slow investment and consumption.

Foreign reserves fell 3.8 per cent in April to $6.7 billion, reflecting higher import costs and currency pressure. The IMF disbursement is expected to help rebuild reserve buffers, but the broader challenge remains keeping the external account stable while meeting fuel, fertiliser, medicine and food import needs. A sustained rise in energy prices could widen the import bill and complicate the government’s debt-restructuring path.

Economic growth is projected to slow to about 3 per cent this year after expanding 5 per cent in 2025. Tourism, remittances and improved fiscal management have supported the rebound, but higher interest rates and energy costs could weigh on activity. Businesses that depend on transport and electricity are likely to pass on part of the cost increase, while exporters face mixed effects from a weaker rupee and higher domestic input prices.

The fuel adjustment also revives debate over the balance between reform and relief. Cost-recovery pricing is intended to stop Ceylon Petroleum Corporation and the power sector from accumulating losses that would eventually require budget support. Critics argue that faster price transmission can deepen hardship unless social protection systems are strengthened and targeted cash transfers reach households most exposed to rising food, transport and utility bills.

Arabian Post Staff -Dubai A sweeping overhaul of the UAE’s civil law takes effect on June 1, lowering the age of legal adulthood to 18 and changing how contracts, compensation claims, civil disputes and legal obligations are interpreted across the country. Federal Decree-Law No 25 of 2025 on the Civil Transactions Law replaces the 1985 framework that has underpinned much of the UAE’s private law system for […]

Arabian Post Staff -Dubai Washington has tightened its warning to shipping, energy and insurance companies, saying US-linked parties cannot seek safe-passage arrangements from Iran for vessels moving through the Strait of Hormuz, even when no money changes hands. The updated position, issued on 29 May, broadens earlier sanctions guidance that focused on tolls, donations, offsets, digital assets and other indirect payments demanded in connection with passage through […]

Cash App has opened USDC payments to eligible customers, giving one of America’s largest consumer finance apps a stablecoin payments rail while keeping Bitcoin at the centre of its digital assets strategy. The Block-owned platform now allows users to send and receive USD Coin without managing a separate stablecoin wallet. USDC sent into Cash App is converted automatically into US dollars, while outgoing payments can be made […]

A malicious NuGet package posing as a Sicoob software development kit has exposed sensitive banking authentication data, intensifying concerns over attacks that exploit trust in open-source developer ecosystems. The package, published as Sicoob. Sdk, was presented as a C# SDK for integrations with Sicoob, one of Brazil’s largest cooperative financial systems. Versions 2.0.0 to 2.0.4 were found to collect client IDs, PFX passwords and base64-encoded PFX certificate […]

Global energy markets face mounting strain heading into the northern hemisphere summer as the prolonged closure of the Strait of Hormuz threatens fuel availability, price stability and wider economic resilience across oil-importing economies. Warnings from the International Monetary Fund, the International Energy Agency and the World Bank have sharpened concern that emergency inventories are being depleted at an unusually rapid pace after weeks of disruption to one […]

Washington has sharply criticised a United Nations decision to place Israel’s armed and security forces on a blacklist linked to conflict-related sexual violence, calling the move “ridiculous” as the report deepened tensions between Israel, the UN leadership and Western capitals over the conduct of the Gaza war. The annual report by UN Secretary-General António Guterres added Israeli forces to a list of parties “credibly suspected” of committing […]

Portugal’s economy expanded 2.3 per cent year on year in the first quarter, accelerating from 1.9 per cent at the end of last year as domestic demand offset pressure from trade and weather-related disruption. The first-quarter reading confirmed that the economy entered 2026 with firmer underlying demand than much of the euro area, even though output was flat compared with the previous quarter. The annual pace matched […]

Jakarta has moved to accelerate one of Southeast Asia’s most ambitious renewable energy programmes, preparing a 100-gigawatt solar power project that officials estimate will require about $71.3 billion in investment and reshape Indonesia’s electricity strategy over the next several years.

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is working with the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning, state electricity company PLN and other agencies to identify land, grid links and storage systems needed for the programme. About 24,000 hectares on Java Island have been earmarked for verification, with the authorities seeking to match project sites with transmission lines, PLN substations and battery storage capacity.

Deputy Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Yuliot Tanjung said the government’s first priority is to push ahead with an initial 17 GW phase, supported by around 33 GW of battery energy storage systems. The early phase is expected to test the country’s ability to turn a national target into bankable projects at scale, particularly in areas where land acquisition, grid connection and tariff design have slowed renewable energy investment.

The wider 100 GW plan is designed to reduce Indonesia’s reliance on diesel and gas-fired generation, particularly in regions where imported fuel and high operating costs have weighed on the state budget. Officials have estimated that converting fossil fuel-based generation to solar power combined with battery storage could cut electricity generation costs by up to Rp73.9 trillion, or about $4.18 billion, a year once implemented at scale.

The programme also reflects Jakarta’s attempt to close the gap between Indonesia’s large solar potential and its modest installed capacity. The country has abundant sunshine across its islands, yet solar has remained a small part of the electricity mix compared with coal, gas, hydro and geothermal power. Rooftop and utility-scale solar deployment has been constrained by regulatory uncertainty, procurement delays, grid limitations and the financial position of PLN.

Indonesia’s latest electricity supply plan for 2025-2034 calls for 69.5 GW of new generation capacity, with renewable energy making up a large share of future additions. Solar is expected to play a central role in that expansion, with PLN’s planning framework pointing to 17.1 GW of new solar capacity by 2034 alongside hydro, geothermal, wind and storage projects. The 100 GW programme goes beyond that planning baseline and signals a more aggressive policy push from President Prabowo Subianto’s administration.

A key feature of the solar strategy is its decentralised design. Earlier planning discussions have described a model that could combine large centralised solar plants with smaller village-level systems, many paired with batteries. Such an approach could help remote communities replace diesel generation, improve supply reliability and reduce exposure to fuel price volatility, while also creating demand for locally produced panels, batteries, inverters and grid equipment.

The proposed investment scale underlines the financing challenge. A $71.3 billion programme would require state support, PLN procurement commitments, private sector participation, concessional finance and possibly blended funding from climate-related investment platforms. Indonesia has already attracted international attention through its Just Energy Transition Partnership, but converting pledges into project-level funding has remained difficult, particularly because coal continues to dominate power generation and captive industrial power demand is rising.

Land availability will be another decisive issue. Java, the country’s most populous island and main electricity demand centre, offers stronger grid connectivity but also intense competition for land. The identification of 24,000 hectares is a first step rather than a final allocation, as each site must still pass verification covering ownership, spatial planning, environmental suitability and connection feasibility.

Grid readiness may prove equally important. Large volumes of intermittent solar power will require stronger transmission networks, flexible generation, storage systems and updated dispatch rules. Battery storage is central to the plan because solar output peaks during daylight hours while demand often rises in the evening. Without adequate storage and grid upgrades, high solar penetration could create curtailment risks and weaken project economics.

The programme could strengthen Indonesia’s industrial policy if it succeeds in building domestic solar manufacturing capacity. Officials have linked the plan to demand for locally produced panels, a move that could support factories, create jobs and reduce exposure to import barriers in global solar trade. The strategy comes as several countries seek to capture more of the clean energy supply chain, from polysilicon and wafers to modules and battery systems.

Indonesia’s energy transition remains complicated by its coal-heavy electricity system, long-term power purchase agreements and the need to provide affordable energy to households and industry. Coal plants still anchor baseload supply, while nickel processing and other industrial sectors have increased captive power demand. Those pressures make the solar programme both a climate policy instrument and an energy security strategy.

Work on floating solar projects, rooftop systems and village electrification schemes has already begun to build momentum. PLN’s Saguling floating solar project in West Java, scheduled for commercial operation in late 2026, is one of several projects intended to demonstrate technical and commercial viability. The larger 100 GW plan, however, will require faster procurement, clearer tariff rules and stronger coordination across ministries, PLN, regional governments and investors.

Washington faces a narrowing window to pass the CLARITY Act, with Senator Cynthia Lummis warning that failure to move the digital asset market structure bill through Congress this session could leave the country without comprehensive crypto rules until 2030. The warning has sharpened pressure on lawmakers, regulators and industry groups after years of legal uncertainty over whether many digital tokens should be treated as securities, commodities, payment […]

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