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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is planning a massive infrastructure push to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2060, with a significant portion of financing expected to come from the private sector. Investment Minister Khalid Al-Falih, speaking at the MOMENTUM2025 Development Finance Conference in Riyadh, projected that infrastructure investments could reach up to $1 trillion over the medium term, with private capital accounting for around 40 per cent — equivalent to $400-500 billion.

Al-Falih outlined that this influx of investment will be channelled across diverse programmes: privatisation schemes, energy infrastructure under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy, and major initiatives led by key domestic players such as ACWA Power and Saudi Aramco, including expansion of blue hydrogen production and global marketing. The minister emphasised that the push reflects the Kingdom’s evolving infrastructure and energy strategy — aligning economic diversification under Saudi Vision 2030 with climate-related commitments.

Officials at the conference stressed that the investment liquidity will flow through multiple channels. Besides large-scale energy and infrastructure projects, capital will also support expansion in sustainable tourism, desalination plants, airport and logistics development, and logistics hubs, boosting sectors beyond oil and traditional energy. This drive is underpinned by a broader green finance framework recently introduced by domestic regulators, including the issuance of green bonds and the creation of a domestic carbon-credit market under Tadawul.

Despite the ambitious plan, some observers remain cautious. Independent analysts — such as those at the Climate Action Tracker — rate the Kingdom’s net-zero pledge for 2060 as “poor”, noting that the target lacks legal codification and fails to clarify which greenhouse gases or sectors are included. They underline that while domestic investments in renewables, carbon capture and clean hydrogen are growing, the lack of a comprehensive emissions-reduction pathway — especially regarding export-related emissions — leaves a significant portion of emissions unaddressed.

Al-Falih acknowledged the challenges but framed the plan as a transformation rather than a short-term campaign. He pointed out that the Kingdom has already exceeded some Paris Agreement-linked targets, and underlined an energy mix strategy aiming for 50 per cent of electricity generation through renewables by 2030, supplemented by high-efficiency gas turbines and storage technologies to ensure reliability.

As global demand for energy continues to rise — driven in part by rapid advances in artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure — Riyadh’s roadmap envisages that growing energy needs will dovetail with sustainable investment in infrastructure, industrial transformation and green-energy exports.

Japan is intensifying its economic engagement with Gulf partners as policymakers and corporate leaders seek to counter global uncertainty and reduce exposure to shifting geopolitical priorities under evolving US policy. The recalibration marks a notable acceleration in Tokyo’s outreach to the Middle East’s major sovereign investors, energy exporters, and technology funds, reflecting a sense within government and industry that the country must widen access to capital and secure strategic partnerships as global supply chains face persistent strain.

A growing number of senior officials and executives have argued that Japan’s longstanding reliance on the US as an anchor for both economic and security stability now requires broader support. Their stance reflects concerns generated by the more transactional orientation of the US under the America First framework, which has amplified debates in Tokyo on the need for diversified alliances. That reassessment has coincided with unprecedented liquidity flows across the Gulf, where sovereign wealth funds are expanding global portfolios in sectors ranging from clean energy and advanced manufacturing to semiconductors, logistics and emerging technologies.

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s government has moved to strengthen ties with the region’s largest investment authorities, including Abu Dhabi’s Mubadala Investment Company and Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund. Japanese ministries have encouraged joint projects that align with national priorities such as chip resilience, hydrogen supply chains, carbon management, and infrastructure modernisation. Officials familiar with the discussions say the focus extends beyond energy security to long-term industrial cooperation, with Tokyo exploring ways to integrate Middle Eastern capital into Japan’s domestic renewal.

Several major companies have already positioned themselves to capture the shift. Trading houses such as Mitsui & Co. and Mitsubishi Corp. have expanded partnerships in clean fuels and petrochemicals, while Japan’s leading automakers are examining opportunities linked to Gulf diversification strategies, particularly in battery supply, autonomous mobility, and advanced materials. Banks including MUFG and SMBC are increasing their presence in the region to support outbound investment, project finance, and corporate advisory mandates requested by Gulf entities looking to deploy capital in Asia.

Analysts observe that the evolving dynamic is not one-sided. Middle Eastern investors have signalled interest in stable, technologically advanced economies as part of their long-term diversification plans. Japan’s strong intellectual property base, advanced industrial ecosystem, and predictable regulatory environment have become increasingly attractive to funds seeking alternatives to higher-risk markets. Executives have also pointed to the convergence of strategic priorities, including shared urgency around food security, energy transition, and digital infrastructure development.

The country’s semiconductor revival has emerged as a key area of alignment. As Japan attempts to rebuild its chip manufacturing footprint with government-backed projects involving firms such as Rapidus and partnerships with global foundries, Gulf investors have explored opportunities to participate in upstream and downstream components of the supply chain. Officials tracking the conversations describe growing interest from Middle Eastern funds in Japan’s materials science know-how and next-generation fabrication technologies, which they view as long-term assets capable of supporting their broader industrial programmes.

Energy cooperation remains central to the relationship. Japan continues to depend heavily on the Gulf for crude oil and liquefied natural gas, but the nature of that relationship is shifting toward co-investment in renewable energy, hydrogen production, and carbon capture projects. Tokyo’s efforts to secure stable supplies of blue and green hydrogen align closely with the decarbonisation roadmaps of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, which are positioning themselves as future exporters of low-carbon fuels. Japanese companies have signed multiple memoranda with Gulf partners to test supply chains that could support both nations’ energy transition targets.

Technology collaboration is also gathering momentum. Gulf sovereign funds have expanded their allocations to late-stage venture investments and tech infrastructure, creating new openings for Japanese firms in fields such as robotics, clean-tech, mobility software, and advanced manufacturing systems. Executives from several technology conglomerates have confirmed that discussions are under way to establish joint R&D facilities, venture co-investment platforms, and industrial clusters that could operate across Asia and the Middle East.

Diplomatic signalling has reinforced the economic shift. Visits by senior Japanese officials to Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Doha and Manama have highlighted Tokyo’s intent to deepen ties not only through energy partnerships but also through digital transformation initiatives, defence industrial cooperation, and food-supply agreements. These engagements complement Japan’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy, which emphasises stability, open trade routes, and resilience in critical sectors.

Microsoft has committed $17.5 billion — roughly Rs 1.5 lakh crore — to expand cloud and artificial-intelligence infrastructure in India, marking its largest investment ever in Asia. The announcement came after a meeting between Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella and Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. The funds will flow over the next four years, aimed at building data-centre capacity, upskilling the workforce and strengthening what the company calls “sovereign AI capabilities.”

Under the plan, Microsoft will significantly expand its cloud infrastructure footprint across several Indian states. A new hyperscale data-centre in Hyderabad is expected to go online by mid-2026, complementing existing facilities in Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, along with the company’s Jio-Azure regions in Maharashtra and Gujarat. The investment builds on a $3 billion commitment earlier this year — an amount that had already positioned India as a major node in Microsoft’s global AI ambitions.

Skill-development forms a core pillar of the strategy. The company aims to train millions of Indians in AI and related domains, equipping a growing workforce to design, manage and deploy advanced AI systems. Nadella described the investment as central to India’s “AI-first future,” emphasizing the need for both infrastructure and human capital to realise such a vision.

Industry analysts view the commitment as a signal that multinational technology firms increasingly see India not merely as a consumer market, but as a global hub for cloud and AI development. The scope and scale of Microsoft’s investment reflect a broader shift in the global tech landscape, where companies are betting on India’s large internet-user base and technical talent pool. The move could also encourage other global players to escalate investments, accelerating the pace at which India becomes a major node in the emerging AI economy.

Government officials welcomed the announcement as a boost to India’s ambition to emerge as a technology superpower. As Modi noted after the meeting, global optimism around India’s AI potential is growing — and the new investment is expected to create significant opportunities across industries, particularly for start-ups and youth seeking to build careers in cutting-edge technologies.

The size and ambition of Microsoft’s commitment also suggest that the company expects robust returns from a nation undergoing rapid digital transformation. By combining massive infrastructure build-out with aggressive talent development, Microsoft appears to be laying the groundwork for India to play a central role in shaping the next generation of global AI products and services — from cloud-native applications to enterprise-level AI deployments.

Shares of Twenty One Capital, the newly public Bitcoin-native company, plunged sharply as trading began on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker “XXI”. The decline, amounting to roughly 24-26%, underscores investor unease even as the firm debuts with substantial holdings — over 43,500 bitcoins, valued at nearly US$4 billion, making it one of the largest corporate Bitcoin treasuries globally.

The decline came just as the firm completed a merger with special-purpose acquisition company Cantor Equity Partners, a process that had secured shareholder approval earlier this month. The combined entity began trading today, marking the formal public debut of Twenty One Capital.

The backers behind Twenty One include stablecoin issuer Tether, trading platform Bitfinex, and investment-holding conglomerate SoftBank Group — with the SPAC sponsored by global financial firm Cantor Fitzgerald.

Leadership under co-founder and CEO Jack Mallers has portrayed Twenty One as more than a treasury — the firm aims to build Bitcoin-centric financial services, capital markets advisory, lending and education operations. The business model seeks to marry a large Bitcoin reserve with recurring-revenue operations, offering investors both exposure to crypto and conventional business growth potential.

Despite the ambitious roadmap and deep institutional backing, investor sentiment appears cautious. The dip in share price comes amid a broader downturn in cryptocurrency valuations; bitcoin itself has fallen more than 28% since hitting a peak in October. That decline has put pressure on companies with large digital-asset treasuries.

Market watchers note that the stumble highlights the risks inherent in combining a speculative asset like bitcoin with public equity. Treasury-centric crypto firms have gained attention in recent months for treating bitcoin as a corporate reserve asset — yet, as volatility returns, their valuations are bearing the brunt. Some analysts argue the drop may force such firms to rethink reliance solely on crypto-treasury value, especially if markets remain turbulent.

For now, Twenty One’s challenge is to reassure shareholders that the business side will grow fast enough to absorb volatility in bitcoin prices. Its future will depend on execution: whether it can build a sustainable loan, advisory or media business around Bitcoin — and whether that strategy can hold up even if crypto markets remain unpredictable.

Abu Dhabi’s transformation into a leading centre for digital asset regulation is gathering global recognition, with legal and financial experts pointing to its advanced regulatory framework and investor-friendly environment as key drivers for growing crypto-sector confidence.

At the sidelines of Abu Dhabi Finance Week, compliance specialist Magdalena Boškić of Swiss firm Kellerhals Carrard declared that the UAE has firmly established itself as a global hub for digital-asset businesses, drawing major international players thanks to robust legislation and transparent licensing regimes. She highlighted the role of regulatory bodies such as the Financial Services Regulatory Authority at Abu Dhabi Global Market, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority in Dubai, the Dubai Financial Services Authority, and the Central Bank of the UAE, describing their collective efforts as among the most advanced globally.

Under the UAE’s multi-jurisdictional model, companies involved in trading, custody, asset-management or tokenisation can select the regulatory framework that matches their business model, offering flexibility without sacrificing oversight. The regime is built on principles like technology neutrality, activity-based licensing and strict compliance with investor-protection standards — features that offer legal clarity and attract institutional as well as retail participation. Boškić noted that this environment has led several prominent Swiss digital-asset banks such as Sygnum and AMINA to expand their presence in the Emirates.

A 2025 ranking by the Global Finance & Technology Network, in collaboration with consultancy Arthur D. Little, placed the UAE alongside jurisdictions such as Switzerland and Singapore among the most advanced globally for crypto regulation. The report credited the UAE for its comprehensive approach to tokenised assets, stablecoins, virtual-asset service providers and other fintech innovations — moving the country from ambition into execution.

Institutional adoption has risen sharply. Data on inflows between mid-2023 and mid-2024 show digital-asset investments of more than US$30 billion — roughly 10 percent of the Middle East and North Africa region’s total — with institutional-sized transfers jumping about 55 percent year-on-year. Simultaneously, retail participation has surged; the number of daily active crypto traders in the UAE has reportedly crossed 500,000, underscoring broad public engagement with digital-asset markets.

Fiscal incentives have added to the appeal. The absence of personal income tax or capital-gains tax, combined with exemptions on value-added tax for trading and conversion of virtual assets, offers one of the most favourable tax regimes globally. These conditions, combined with regulatory clarity, help explain the influx of both specialized crypto firms and traditional financial institutions adapting to digital-asset offerings.

The expansion also includes the tokenisation of real-world assets — such as real estate, aviation and even sovereign bonds — indicating that the UAE’s digital-asset market is evolving beyond speculative cryptocurrency trading into structured financial instruments. This opens pathways for sophisticated investors and enterprises seeking to integrate blockchain-based financing or asset-tokenisation into mainstream operations.

Still, rapid growth is not without risks. Observers caution that heightened crypto activity brings exposure to money laundering, unregulated peer-to-peer trading, cybersecurity threats and uneven investor protection. Regulators must balance fostering innovation with safeguarding financial integrity.

A milestone for regulatory trust came this week when Binance secured a global licence under the ADGM framework granted by the FSRA. The approval of the world’s largest crypto exchange underlines the UAE’s drive to cement its status as a credible, regulated base for digital-asset operations.

A dramatic shift in digital asset markets unfolded as one of the year’s fastest-rising crypto trades, which surged more than 2,600% at its peak, unravelled with an 86% wipeout, shaking confidence across a sector already grappling with volatility, liquidity strains, and shifting regulatory expectations. The abrupt reversal, mirrored in the steep fall of smaller token clusters linked to speculative momentum strategies, highlighted how rapidly sentiment can turn in an ecosystem vulnerable to leverage-driven cycles.

Market data from major exchanges showed that the trade, centred on a group of micro-capitalisation tokens propelled by algorithmic buying, began losing momentum after a wave of profit-taking by early entrants. Traders close to proprietary desks reported that liquidation cascades—triggered as automated systems unwound positions—accelerated the decline. The severe downturn echoed patterns seen during previous speculative surges, where liquidity gaps magnified losses within hours.

Analysts tracking blockchain activity noted that the rally’s ascent had attracted retail inflows, partly due to social-media-driven narratives framing the tokens as high-growth opportunities. As prices climbed, leverage amplified exposure, drawing in traders seeking outsized returns. Once selling pressure gained traction, that leverage turned into a critical vulnerability, forcing positions to unwind just as liquidity thinned. Several independent market researchers observed that the velocity of the downturn suggested a structural fragility, rather than a simple correction.

The collapse also revived discussion about the role of automated strategies in amplifying market instability. Many of the instruments involved were linked to quant-driven flows, where bots responded to volatility triggers rather than underlying fundamentals. As one portfolio strategist explained, these systems can cause price swings that move far beyond what traditional finance would consider tolerable, adding that crypto lacks the circuit-breaker mechanisms that help stabilise other asset classes. This dynamic, according to several fund managers, remains one of the most persistent challenges for institutions considering deeper exposure to decentralised markets.

Regulatory uncertainty added to the unease. Authorities in key jurisdictions have been scrutinising high-risk digital asset structures, and policymakers have signalled the possibility of tighter oversight for tokens driven by momentum rather than intrinsic value. Market observers said that while there is no direct link between regulatory commentary and the downturn, the broader environment has weighed on risk appetite. Investor caution intensified as questions resurfaced about transparency in the trading strategies behind the surge.

The downturn also exposed liquidity fragmentation across exchanges. Some platforms reported delays in order execution as volumes spiked, and spreads widened sharply during peak selling. Professional traders said this fragmentation remains a major impediment to maturing the sector, as it complicates price discovery and heightens vulnerability to abrupt swings. Several firms specialising in market-making suggested that the episode would likely prompt renewed calls for better liquidity management frameworks within decentralised ecosystems.

Amid the turmoil, major digital assets such as Bitcoin and Ether showed relative resilience, though both experienced elevated intraday volatility. Their ability to avoid the extreme swings seen in smaller tokens prompted commentary that the market may be entering a phase where speculative micro-caps detach from more established assets. Still, derivatives positions linked to broader sentiment recorded notable adjustments, indicating that traders remain sensitive to signs of systemic stress.

Industry insiders highlighted that the steep crash follows a pattern of momentum-driven phases that have punctuated crypto cycles since the first wave of retail adoption. A veteran analyst noted that while earlier episodes centred on initial coin offerings or meme-driven tokens, the current one underscores how algorithmic and social-media amplification have merged, producing sharper and faster boom-and-bust phases. The analyst added that such swings complicate long-term valuation models, as fundamental metrics often become secondary to speculative flows.

Venture-backed projects tied to the affected tokens faced heightened scrutiny as investors assessed whether the price collapse would impair broader ecosystem development. Some founders sought to reassure stakeholders by highlighting active user bases and ongoing technical upgrades, although several funds acknowledged that valuation resets were unavoidable. Market participants stressed that while token prices do not always reflect underlying project viability, extreme volatility can hinder funding conversations and stall adoption.

Gulf Cooperation Council sovereigns and corporates issued a record-breaking $226 billion in debt by November 11, 2025 — the highest single-year total this decade — boosted by surging investor demand and tight spreads across the region.

Issuance of bonds and sukuk vastly outpaced equity capital-market activity, which saw the weakest IPO fundraising since 2020.

Regional governments and major companies returned to debt markets, capitalising on favourable financing conditions. Notable sovereign issuance came from all six GCC states — Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman. Corporations also joined, including heavyweight names such as Saudi Aramco and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company.

The rebound in debt issuance reflects a shift in financing strategies. Many issuers had stayed out of markets earlier this year, waiting for better conditions. As spreads tightened sharply, they re-entered. As HSBC’s head of MENA debt capital markets, Nour Safa, put it: the tightening spreads “convinced them to return to the market.”

By the third quarter of 2025, total outstanding debt on GCC debt capital markets reached $1.1 trillion — a 12.7 per cent increase year-on-year. Sukuk issuances led the growth, rising nearly 22 per cent and now accounting for more than 40 per cent of overall debt issuance volume.

The strength emanates largely from the two biggest markets: Saudi Arabia and the UAE. As per recent analysis, these two nations comprise 46 per cent and 30 per cent respectively of total outstanding GCC debt.

Meanwhile, IPO funding has stalled. Across the GCC, 2025 saw a dramatic slump in equity issuance: a total of only 40 IPOs raised about $5.8 billion, down markedly from 2024’s 52 listings which raised $12.9 billion — the lowest fundraising level since 2020.

In the first half of 2025, IPO activity had shown modest resilience: 27 listings raised $4.10 billion, up from $3.57 billion a year earlier. But the second half slowdown reversed much of that progress.

Analysts say the divergence between bond and equity markets has several drivers. Doubts over global macroeconomic stability and trade-policy uncertainty have suppressed investor appetite for riskier equity. At the same time, Gulf issuers found debt markets more attractive: high-quality issuers, deep dollar-denominated bond markets, and relatively higher yields compared with many emerging-market alternatives.

Banks across the region added to the surge: by mid-2025 they had issued over $60 billion of debt — surpassing 2024 levels — much of it Tier-2 or hybrid debt aimed at bolstering capital under evolving regulations and funding growth tied to national development plans.